Re: [Air-L] Fake News
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses. On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu> wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016.
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861
This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861 < http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>
On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote:
Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication
There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's attitudes, though the effect wanes over time.
Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective?
On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice <rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote:
> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing > that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election > outcome? ;=) > -- > Ronald E. Rice > Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication > International Communication Association President 2006-2007 > Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) > University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 > Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 > rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/people/ronald-e-rice > > > Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: > > Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >> >> Thanks, >> Yosem >> _______________________________________________ >> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org >> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >> http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org >> >> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >> http://www.aoir.org/ >> > > > _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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<----------------------------------------------------> Jeanine Finn, PhD Researcher School of Information University of Texas at Austin jefinn@utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn@utexas.edu> http://jeaninefinn.me <http://jeaninefinn.me/>
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-- Josh Braun, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Journalism Studies Journalism Department University of Massachusetts Amherst
@josh_braun Skype: wideaperture http://wideaperture.net/ new book: http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program-brought-you
"Maybe the only gift is a chance to inquire, to know nothing for certain. An inheritance of wonder and nothing more." William Least Heat-Moon
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-- Sarah Oates Professor and Senior Scholar Philip Merrill College of Journalism University of Maryland College Park, MD 20457 Email: soates@umd.edu Phone: 301 405 4510 _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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-- --
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/> _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
Join the Association of Internet Researchers: http://www.aoir.org/
-- -- *Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>
Misinformation I think is the proper term. Misinformation online has been studied by researchers before in terms of the rejection of science and conspiracy theories. Lewandowsky et al. and Bessi et al. have interesting articles about it. WHO came out with a report in 2013 about the problem in terms of medical misinformation. These might be fruitful in terms of understanding fake news spread. On Dec 9, 2016 12:38 PM, "MC Cambre" <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu
wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/ nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016.
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861
This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861 < http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>
> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote: > > Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or > real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't > Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly? > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication > > There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's > attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of > itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an > influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But > experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's > attitudes, though the effect wanes over time. > > Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective? > > On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice < rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote: > >> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing >> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election >> outcome? ;=) >> -- >> Ronald E. Rice >> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication >> International Communication Association President 2006-2007 >> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) >> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 >> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 >> rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/ people/ronald-e-rice >> >> >> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: >> >> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >>> >>> Thanks, >>> Yosem >>> _______________________________________________ >>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >>> http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org >>> >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >>> http://www.aoir.org/ >>> >> >> >> > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > http://www.aoir.org/
<----------------------------------------------------> Jeanine Finn, PhD Researcher School of Information University of Texas at Austin jefinn@utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn@utexas.edu> http://jeaninefinn.me <http://jeaninefinn.me/>
_______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
Join the Association of Internet Researchers: http://www.aoir.org/
-- Josh Braun, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Journalism Studies Journalism Department University of Massachusetts Amherst
@josh_braun Skype: wideaperture http://wideaperture.net/ new book: http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program-brought- you
"Maybe the only gift is a chance to inquire, to know nothing for certain. An inheritance of wonder and nothing more." William Least Heat-Moon
_______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
Join the Association of Internet Researchers: http://www.aoir.org/
-- Sarah Oates Professor and Senior Scholar Philip Merrill College of Journalism University of Maryland College Park, MD 20457 Email: soates@umd.edu Phone: 301 405 4510 _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
Join the Association of Internet Researchers: http://www.aoir.org/
-- --
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/> _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
Join the Association of Internet Researchers: http://www.aoir.org/
-- --
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/
* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>
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I"d say that misinformation is not exactly the same thing as fake new. Saying that Aliens invaded the US last week is not just misinformation, is completely fake, therefore, fake news. One thing is having a side, is reading the news or reality in a different way, other thing is bias, and a very different issue is fake news, that is the pure fabrication of facts. "News is socially constructed" may apply in some cases (I'm not a huge fan of this[post]modernist approach of "everything is socially constructed", despite the fact that I do adopt constructivists approaches in my research, let's try to debate it), but in many cases there's pure and simple fabrication of facts. If I publish that Obama was not born in the US there's no room for saying that this might be fake to some and true to others, it's simply fake. The fact that some news outlets spread such "news" and that some people may believe it doesn't make it less... fake. best, Raphael Tsavkko Garcia University of Deusto  On Dez 9 2016, at 6:53 pm, Julia DeCook <julia.decook@gmail.com> wrote:
Misinformation I think is the proper term. Misinformation online has been studied by researchers before in terms of the rejection of science and conspiracy theories. Lewandowsky et al. and Bessi et al. have interesting articles about it.
WHO came out with a report in 2013 about the problem in terms of medical misinformation. These might be fruitful in terms of understanding fake news spread.
On Dec 9, 2016 12:38 PM, "MC Cambre" <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu
wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/](http://www.nat ure.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016.
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861
This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY W9pci5vcmc=) < [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=)
> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote: > > Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or > real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't > Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly? > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication > > There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's > attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of > itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an > influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But > experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's > attitudes, though the effect wanes over time. > > Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective? > > On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice < rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote: > >> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing >> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election >> outcome? ;=) >> \-- >> Ronald E. Rice >> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication >> International Communication Association President 2006-2007 >> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) >> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 >> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 >> rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; [http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/](http://www.comm.uc sb.edu/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) people/ronald-e-rice >> >> >> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: >> >> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >>> >>> Thanks, >>> Yosem >>> _______________________________________________ >>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >>> [http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org](http://list serv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>> >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >>> [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=) >>> >> >> >> > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/](http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHN lcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW 9pci5vcmc=)
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I'd agree with that. Disinformation is the deliberate spreading of lies, while misinformation is unintentionally false. Cheers Ian ----------–---------------------- Prof. Dr. Ian Towers Professor of Organisation Studies SRH Hochschule Berlin
Am 09.12.2016 um 19:09 schrieb Raphael Tsavkko <tsavkko@yahoo.com.br>:
I"d say that misinformation is not exactly the same thing as fake new. Saying that Aliens invaded the US last week is not just misinformation, is completely fake, therefore, fake news. One thing is having a side, is reading the news or reality in a different way, other thing is bias, and a very different issue is fake news, that is the pure fabrication of facts.
"News is socially constructed" may apply in some cases (I'm not a huge fan of this[post]modernist approach of "everything is socially constructed", despite the fact that I do adopt constructivists approaches in my research, let's try to debate it), but in many cases there's pure and simple fabrication of facts. If I publish that Obama was not born in the US there's no room for saying that this might be fake to some and true to others, it's simply fake. The fact that some news outlets spread such "news" and that some people may believe it doesn't make it less... fake.
best,
Raphael Tsavkko Garcia
University of Deusto
On Dez 9 2016, at 6:53 pm, Julia DeCook <julia.decook@gmail.com> wrote:
Misinformation I think is the proper term. Misinformation online has been studied by researchers before in terms of the rejection of science and conspiracy theories. Lewandowsky et al. and Bessi et al. have interesting articles about it.
WHO came out with a report in 2013 about the problem in terms of medical misinformation. These might be fruitful in terms of understanding fake news spread.
On Dec 9, 2016 12:38 PM, "MC Cambre" <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu
wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/](http://www.nat ure.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
> On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: > There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016. > > Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861 > > This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. > [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY W9pci5vcmc=) < [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=) > > > >> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote: >> >> Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or >> real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't >> Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly? >> >> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> >> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication >> >> There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's >> attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of >> itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an >> influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But >> experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's >> attitudes, though the effect wanes over time. >> >> Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective? >> >> On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice < rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote: >> >>> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing >>> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election >>> outcome? ;=) >>> \-- >>> Ronald E. Rice >>> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication >>> International Communication Association President 2006-2007 >>> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) >>> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 >>> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 >>> rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; [http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/](http://www.comm.uc sb.edu/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) people/ronald-e-rice >>> >>> >>> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: >>> >>> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >>>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >>>> >>>> Thanks, >>>> Yosem >>>> _______________________________________________ >>>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >>>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >>>> [http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org](http://list serv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>>> >>>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >>>> [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=) >>>> >>> >>> >>> >> _______________________________________________ >> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/](http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHN lcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org >> >> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >> [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW 9pci5vcmc=) > > > <\----------------------------------------------------> > Jeanine Finn, PhD > Researcher > School of Information > University of Texas at Austin > jefinn@utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn@utexas.edu> > [http://jeaninefinn.me](http://jeaninefinn.me&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY W9pci5vcmc=) <http://jeaninefinn.me/> > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/](http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcn YuYW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9 pci5vcmc=)
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The focus of this article by prof. Ethan Zuckerman is not fake news, but he gives some valuable insights on the matter on its final paragraphs. "Some “fake news” is propaganda. It’s weaponized text, designed to make our side look good and the other side look bad. Much propaganda isn’t fake — it’s simply heavily biased, and offers an incomplete view of events to have a persuasive effect. The medium term effect of propaganda is polarization, as we stop seeing our political opponents as reasonable people we disagree with, but as people who are so wrong and misguided that we couldn’t possibly find common ground with them. In the long term, propaganda destroys democracy, because it silences dissent and calcifies the parties currently in power." https://medium.com/@EthanZ/lunch-with-my-friend-the-trump-supporter- 9388769ec2e7#.w648ykwgp Raphael Tsavkko Garcia  On Dez 9 2016, at 6:53 pm, Julia DeCook <julia.decook@gmail.com> wrote:
Misinformation I think is the proper term. Misinformation online has been studied by researchers before in terms of the rejection of science and conspiracy theories. Lewandowsky et al. and Bessi et al. have interesting articles about it.
WHO came out with a report in 2013 about the problem in terms of medical misinformation. These might be fruitful in terms of understanding fake news spread.
On Dec 9, 2016 12:38 PM, "MC Cambre" <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu
wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/](http://www.nat ure.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016.
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861
This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY W9pci5vcmc=) < [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>](http:/ /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=)
> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote: > > Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or > real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't > Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly? > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication > > There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's > attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of > itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an > influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But > experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's > attitudes, though the effect wanes over time. > > Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective? > > On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice < rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote: > >> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing >> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election >> outcome? ;=) >> \-- >> Ronald E. Rice >> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication >> International Communication Association President 2006-2007 >> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) >> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 >> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 >> rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; [http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/](http://www.comm.uc sb.edu/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) people/ronald-e-rice >> >> >> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: >> >> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >>> >>> Thanks, >>> Yosem >>> _______________________________________________ >>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >>> [http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org](http://list serv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) >>> >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >>> [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=) >>> >> >> >> > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/](http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHN lcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > [http://www.aoir.org/](http://www.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW 9pci5vcmc=)
<\----------------------------------------------------> Jeanine Finn, PhD Researcher School of Information University of Texas at Austin jefinn@utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn@utexas.edu> [http://jeaninefinn.me](http://jeaninefinn.me&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY W9pci5vcmc=) <http://jeaninefinn.me/>
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\-- Josh Braun, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Journalism Studies Journalism Department University of Massachusetts Amherst
@josh_braun Skype: wideaperture [http://wideaperture.net/](http://wideaperture.net/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNl cnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) new book: [http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program- brought-](http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program- brought-&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) you
"Maybe the only gift is a chance to inquire, to know nothing for certain. An inheritance of wonder and nothing more." William Least Heat-Moon
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\-- Sarah Oates Professor and Senior Scholar Philip Merrill College of Journalism University of Maryland College Park, MD 20457 Email: soates@umd.edu Phone: 301 405 4510 _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/](http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu YW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling [http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre- carolina](http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre- carolina&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che- guevara-](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che- guevara-&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) 9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/> _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers [http://aoir.org](http://aoir.org&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: [http://listserv.aoir.org/] (http://listserv.aoir.org/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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\-- \--
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling [http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre- carolina](http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre- carolina&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che- guevara-9781472505293/](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che- guevara-9781472505293/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=) <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/
* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>
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There are actually fake stories -- completely made up -- so it is by definition "fake" news. Rod
From: mcambre@ualberta.ca Date: Fri, 9 Dec 2016 12:37:35 -0500 To: Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu CC: air-l@listserv.aoir.org Subject: Re: [Air-L] Fake News
Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill@mtsu.edu> wrote:
FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy. News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on slippery slope. We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily journalists. I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the label I think. Any thoughts?
Sent from my iPhone
On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre@ualberta.ca> wrote:
Worthy point and well noted. Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance, and I teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in popularity. I don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for helping students view critically. "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1. PEARLIN AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING
It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say that much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.
For what it is worth! cc
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> wrote:
Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that "What's accurate news for one group may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT what that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in the service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a profession in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot have a democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There is a qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and the attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by criteria such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues, quoting accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a journalism educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are really the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they can. Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to use information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about media in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to communism, in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.
On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun@journ.umass.edu> wrote:
Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions about whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via social networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the fit with traditional two-step flow models.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/nature11421.html
Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld, etc. might require some rethinking of context.
Cheers, Josh
On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote: There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we wait for the dust to settle from 2016.
Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861
This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately understood without examining the established media context in which they appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in opposition to established vehicles for political information, which creates tension among journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe the blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day 2004 coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing the well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit polls erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry. This discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs while simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment marked by new forms of complexity and competitiveness. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861 < http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>
> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu <mailto:companys@stanford.edu>> wrote: > > Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news -- fake or > real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome. Wouldn't > Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly? > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld> > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication > > There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on people's > attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and of > itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated by an > influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication). But > experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's > attitudes, though the effect wanes over time. > > Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective? > > On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice <rrice@comm.ucsb.edu> wrote: > >> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies showing >> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential election >> outcome? ;=) >> -- >> Ronald E. Rice >> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass Communication >> International Communication Association President 2006-2007 >> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg (SSMS) >> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020 >> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102 >> rrice@comm.ucsb.edu; http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/people/ronald-e-rice >> >> >> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys@stanford.edu>: >> >> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social media) news >>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome? >>> >>> Thanks, >>> Yosem >>> _______________________________________________ >>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: >>> http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org >>> >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: >>> http://www.aoir.org/ >>> >> >> >> > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > http://www.aoir.org/
<----------------------------------------------------> Jeanine Finn, PhD Researcher School of Information University of Texas at Austin jefinn@utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn@utexas.edu> http://jeaninefinn.me <http://jeaninefinn.me/>
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-- Josh Braun, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Journalism Studies Journalism Department University of Massachusetts Amherst
@josh_braun Skype: wideaperture http://wideaperture.net/ new book: http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program-brought-you
"Maybe the only gift is a chance to inquire, to know nothing for certain. An inheritance of wonder and nothing more." William Least Heat-Moon
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-- --
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara- 9781472505293/> _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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-- --
*Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book: http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/ <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>* <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/> _______________________________________________ The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org
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participants (5)
-
Ian Towers -
Julia DeCook -
MC Cambre -
Raphael Tsavkko -
Rod Carveth