One more thing. To respond to the question of international impact, I would think that the main impact will be in leading-by-example and impact-on-industry terms. I don't imagine it will have too direct an impact on Internet provision in other countries. Backbone connectivity is unlikely to be affected, I should think. Much Web content and other applications content is hosted in the U.S. but that's, again, backbone stuff -- the access providers in other countries are, well, in other countries. On the other hand, elaborate tie-ups between commercial logical- and applications-layer enterprises that extend into packet-level discrimination are just not that common. Their level of acceptance in the U.S. environment, business models that get spun around them, and governance response that shape how it all happens -- or doesn't -- will be watched closely and perhaps emulated or resisted. Content providers who won packet-preferencing deals in the U.S., if that catches on, would certainly take their model contracts and try to negotiate similar things with large providers in other jurisdictions. So folks in other jurisdictions will be thinking about this, too. cheers Bram