I've read much about how students claim to prefer F2F but sign up for online classes. However, I am not much about which instructional modalities are most effective. I'd appreciate some references regarding the comparative efficacy of F2F, Online, and hybrid instruction. I appreciate that many factors are involved and instructional efficacy is not a well defined construct. I also know that hybrid classes are in fashion. My particular interest is in comparisons of these methods for teaching computer programming but would appreciate anything that's a good read. I'm also interested in opinions based on experience. For what it is worth, I find teaching completely online has the best student learning outcomes. Thanks, Charles Balch PhD Charles.balch@azwestern.edu Professor of Computer Information Systems Arizona Western College