Well, given that Internet researcher covers a multitude of disciplines and activities, I fit broadly into the category. My basic research is into cyberlaw and international political economy. A question - new surveys by companies and trade groups make continuous claims of the reach of mobile texting and web dating and jobsearch sites. Is there any independent governmental or academic research into the extent of use of these sites? Christopher T. Marsden LL.B., LL.M. Internet Governance Project Manager Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St Giles, Oxford, UK. Mobile: +44 777 926 0376 Papers www.ssrn.com www.selfregulation.info www.ijclp.org -----Original Message----- From: air-l-admin@aoir.org [mailto:air-l-admin@aoir.org] On Behalf Of air-l-request@aoir.org Sent: 06 May 2004 17:01 To: air-l@aoir.org Subject: Air-l digest, Vol 1 #1051 - 8 msgs Send Air-l mailing list submissions to air-l@aoir.org To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit http://www.aoir.org/mailman/listinfo/air-l or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to air-l-request@aoir.org You can reach the person managing the list at air-l-admin@aoir.org When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of Air-l digest..." Today's Topics: 1. Re: researchers ??? (Charles Hendricksen) 2. Re: researchers ??? (Irene Berkowitz) 3. Re: ethnography and ethics (RGH) 4. Re: ethnography and ethics (Thomas Koenig) 5. Call for Participation - CATaC'04 (Fay Sudweeks) 6. Re: researchers ??? (Hamish Cunningham) 7. Re: ethnography and ethics (Charles Ess) 8. Re: researchers ??? (ren@aldermangroup.com) --__--__-- Message: 1 Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 09:45:06 -0700 From: Charles Hendricksen <veritas@u.washington.edu> To: air-l@aoir.org Subject: Re: [Air-l] researchers ??? Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org Friends, I am currently employed half-time on a research project with large NSF grant. The team is studying Public Participation in Transportation Planning. My brief is to advise and assist the research team in the design, selection and use of asynchronous tools and methods. While I engage in collaboration with the team in substantive research, my principal task is enabling collaboration. ET wrote:
hi all,
just a question for the groups members - hopefully some may wish to reply.
The "modern" internet has now been going for about 10 years. As a result we have many new professions... we have web designers, programmers and a host of specialist IT positions.
Does anyone in here work full time in a position that is called "Internet Researcher" or that one could take to be, from the job responsibilities, to be a full time internet researcher? Does anyone know of another person who has the above role? I am particularly interested to know if anyone works for a company in such a role.
thanks in advance for your time,
regards
Eero Tarik Adelaide
_______________________________________________ Air-l mailing list Air-l@aoir.org http://www.aoir.org/mailman/listinfo/air-l
-- Charlie Hendricksen, PhD Research Collaboration Architect "Information technology structures human relationships." Dissertation link: http://depts.washington.edu/bkn/public/pubs/diss.html DocReview link: http://purl.oclc.org/DocReview/get --__--__-- Message: 2 Date: Wed, 5 May 2004 13:12:12 -0400 From: Irene Berkowitz <irene.berkowitz@temple.edu> Subject: Re: [Air-l] researchers ??? To: air-l@aoir.org Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org I am not an internet researcher, but do work extensively with web applications to reengineer information. ---- Original message ----
Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 14:30:03 +0930 From: ET <et@tarik.com.au> Subject: [Air-l] researchers ??? To: air-l@aoir.org
hi all,
just a question for the groups members - hopefully some may wish to reply.
The "modern" internet has now been going for about 10 years. As a result we have many new professions... we have web designers, programmers and a host of specialist IT positions.
Does anyone in here work full time in a position that is called "Internet Researcher" or that one could take to be, from the job responsibilities, to be a full time internet researcher? Does anyone know of another person who has the above role? I am particularly interested to know if anyone works for a company in such a role.
thanks in advance for your time,
regards
Eero Tarik Adelaide
_______________________________________________ Air-l mailing list Air-l@aoir.org http://www.aoir.org/mailman/listinfo/air-l Irene Berkowitz Director of Curricular Publications Temple University Office of the Vice Provost 215-204-7596
Please note my new email address below and update your address records accordingly. irene.berkowitz@temple.edu --__--__-- Message: 3 Date: Wed, 5 May 2004 19:49:37 -0500 To: air-l@aoir.org From: RGH <rgh@rghoward.com> Subject: Re: [Air-l] ethnography and ethics Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org Hello All: I would go a full step further than did Mark (I think) when talking about doing online "ethnography" or "interviews." I think this is something in which we must be very careful about keeping the highest standards. Lots of people do "online research," but here in AIR I think that we should be vocal about setting the bar for how to do right. There are almost no situations in social/behavioral research where "covert" methods are ethical. (Let's remember the faking-shocking-people-hay-day of what-not-to-do-in-experiments seminar!) The only situations where deception (as in hiding of any sort) should even be considered must meet two basic conditions. First, there must be a significant benefit to society and/or the participants. The second condition is that the actual research intentions and methods must be fully disclosed after the necessary data is discovered. This means that you cannot tell people you are selling them software and then later tell them you are actually testing their IQ. Instead, it means that you can tell them you are testing their IQ and then later tell them you are actually testing their ability to buy software. That is a big difference. But again--that sort of research really only should be done when it significantly benefits society. And those kind of benefits do not typically come under social science research projects about social norms and such. The best counter argument to this I have heard is, of course, social scientists don't risk much when they do research . . . . but I would argue that "secretly" observing people online makes all online research harder to do because when people feel spied on they tend to be less interested in working with researchers. Take the real world case of some native American groups who now tightly control (and for very good reason) researchers among them precisely because of the failures in ethics on the part of some academics. And, of course, there is the further point that concessions made to spying do damage to research in different but sometimes significant ways than would the concession of being honest. Take _When Prophecy Fails_ as a good example of that. But openness in online research is a particularly serious issue because its so easy to "lurk." I do agree with Mark (If I didn't read into his short reply too far . . .) "Lurking" is itself distinctly problematic because "secret" observation like that is not just basically rude, but it also fails to force the ethnographer to fully engage in the community. A lot of the real value in ethnography is, of course, gained from the experience of actually "being there." And lurking isn't really "being there" in a on-line community in particular because the silent member of a discourse-based world is really only "half" there already. To start, I would look at some basic ethics stuff in anthro. to get a good handle on it. Just off the top of my head, you could look at: Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn.. 1998. "Ethics." Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H. Russell Bernard, Ed. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. 173 - 201. Anyway--I can't seem to access the air ethics statement right now, but, of course, these issues are hugely important for us to keep in mind particularly because a lot of not-so-great (in my mind anyway) research is done in online communities (esp. by my undergraduates!) and we of AIR should be in the forefront of insisting on the highest standards of ethics and rigor in online research. All that said, if somebody posts it in netnews or on the WWW, isn't that actually a public statement? So . . . citing a public statement is very different than citing a private conversation (as in email say) . . . but I guess the issue gets sticky when someone says something online under the assumption that its to a small audience and then a researcher cites it widely--for example citing a blog that only a few people seem to ever access. I agree with Eero on that point for sure--online stuff makes the distinction between public and private a little blurry sometimes . . . so I guess I try to error on the side of politeness. Rob -- Robert Glenn Howard Assistant Professor Department of Communication Arts & Communication Technologies Research Cluster University of Wisconsin - Madison rgh@rghoward.com http://rghoward.com --__--__-- Message: 4 Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 04:42:43 +0100 To: air-l@aoir.org From: Thomas Koenig <T.Koenig@lboro.ac.uk> Subject: Re: [Air-l] ethnography and ethics Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org At 01:49 06/05/2004, you wrote:
There are almost no situations in social/behavioral research where "covert" methods are ethical.
I know that there is a lot of talk about ethics and even more regulations these days, but bar a few cases where extraordinarily vulnarable people are involved (young children, persons with illnesses of various sorts, etc.), I cannot see, why "covert" research on the internet should be "off-limits"? Most activity on the internet is public, even if some people are not aware of that fact.
The only situations where deception (as in hiding of any sort) should even be considered must meet two basic conditions.
First, there must be a significant benefit to society and/or the participants.
And who is going to say, what is beneficial to society?
The second condition is that the actual research intentions and methods
must be fully disclosed after the necessary data is discovered. This means that you cannot tell people you are selling them software and then later tell them you are actually testing their IQ. Instead, it means that you can tell them you are testing their IQ and then later tell them you are
actually testing their ability to buy software. That is a big difference.
I agree, if you are doing questionaires that's a different story, but for "ethnography" different rules should apply.
But again--that sort of research really only should be done when it significantly benefits society. And those kind of benefits do not typically come under social science research projects about social norms and such. The best counter argument to this I have heard is, of course, social scientists don't risk much when they do research . . . . but I would argue that "secretly" observing people online makes all online research harder to do because when people feel spied on they tend to be
less interested in working with researchers. Take the real world case of some native American groups who now tightly control (and for very good reason) researchers among them precisely because of the failures in ethics on the part of some academics.
I think this is a very tenuous analogy. If you research people in their private settings, of course, you will have to adhere to very scrupulous rules. But if you are observing persons in a public space, as is Usenet, un-moderated Listservers, much of IRC, web forums, etc., why should you be more liable than, say, journalists, whose work has usually much more severe consequences to those observed? I am currently doing research on Antisemitism on the Net. If I were to tell persons I observe in webfori that I am doing research on their *publicly available* communications, my data would be pretty useless. If people make publicly antisemitic statements in the public, should I "warn" them that I might quote them? Protection of one group can also result into a higher vulnerabilty of a different group. If, as a consequence, people would indeed shy away from public antisemitic statements in the future (which I doubt, after all, how many people read sociology journals?), that might be an obstacle for future research. But if I (or anybody else) were to delurk, my (or anybody else's) research results would have very little validity. Again, if very vulnerable persons are involved, things look different, but much of research in sociology (unlike psychology) is *not* concerned with vulnerable groups. One more point: In most countries, where social research on the net is conducted, penal codes against intrusion into privacy, defamation, etc. exist. Why should the not democratically legitimated research community be liable decide what is ethical and what is not? Thomas -- thomas koenig department of social sciences, loughborough university http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/mmethods/staff/thomas/index.html --__--__-- Message: 5 From: "Fay Sudweeks" <Sudweeks@murdoch.edu.au> To: <air-l@aoir.org> Date: Thu, 6 May 2004 13:51:53 +0800 Subject: [Air-l] Call for Participation - CATaC'04 Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org Dear Colleagues We are pleased to announce that Nina Wakeford (Director of the Incubator for Critical Inquiry into Technology and Ethnography (INCITE) research centre in the Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, UK) will present the keynote address opening this year's conference on Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Culture (CATaC'04). Professor Wakeford's address is entitled "Technology and Mobility at the Margins". The program for CATaC'04 further includes presenters from 28 countries focusing on six major themes: 1. Culture: theory and praxis 2. ICTs and intercultural communication 3. ICTs and cultural hybridity 4. Culture and economy 5. Governments and activists in culture, technology and communication 6. Culture, communication, and e-learning as well as several themed sessions. The program also includes two panels, each chaired and shaped by distinguished colleagues: 1. The Multilingual Internet - chairs, Susan Herring and Brenda Danet 2. Utopian Dreams vs. Real-World Conditions: Under what conditions can ICTs really help worse off communities? - chair, Michel Menou CATaC'04 will take place 27 June - 1 July 2004, in the "city of the sun" - Karlstad, Sweden - right after Midsummer celebrations on June 25-26. For additional information regarding the conference, including complete program, accommodation, registration, and travel information, please see the conference website, www.it.murdoch.edu.au/catac/. On behalf of our local co-chairs, Malin Sveningsson, Ylva Hard af Segerstad, and Robert Burnett, we hope you will be able to join us in Karlstad. Please feel free to address any additional questions to: Charles Ess Drury University Tel: 417-873-7230; Fax: 417-873-7435 catac@it.murdoch.edu.au Fay Sudweeks Murdoch University Tel: 61-8-9360-2364; Fax: 61-8-9360-2941 catac@it.murdoch.edu.au --__--__-- Message: 6 Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 11:21:49 +0100 From: Hamish Cunningham <H.Cunningham@dcs.shef.ac.uk> To: air-l@aoir.org Subject: Re: [Air-l] researchers ??? Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org The problem with "internet" is that it is such a big term - from the IP protocol to community groups. So saying "internet researcher" is so broad as to be almost meaningless without further qualification? For example, I work with people at BT labs on a project called SEKT (http://sekt.semanticweb.org/) that develops semantic technology for knowledge management; I work with people at the BBC on a project called PrestoSpace (http://prestospace.ina.fr) about preserving and accessing audiovisual media in digital libraries. Just accross campus from me are historians busily transcribing 18th Century court reports for on-line access. Upstairs people are modelling complex mathematical entities called X-machines that may help verify the correctness of net servers. All are clearly "internet research", but are quite diverse - and that's just stuff that I personally have at the top of my head. I suppose that if you work on the statistics of net usage, or similar, then you might end up shortenning your description to net researcher, but it wouldn't be very meaningful? Best, Hamish -- Dr. Hamish Cunningham Senior Research Scientist Department of Computer Science University of Sheffield [I get too much email, and I use Regent Court junk filters. If I don't reply, 211 Portobello St. please resend, or phone!] Sheffield S1 4DP United Kingdom http://gate.ac.uk/hamish/ ren@aldermangroup.com wrote:
I’ve never been ‘internet researcher’ but I used to be ‘global head of commercial internet strategy’ when I was at (at the time) the worlds biggest ‘isp’.
Previous to that I was at British Telecommunications who have a large research facility at Martlesham Heath in the UK and there I’m sure there were entire departments called internet research and room-on-room of people called internet researchers – the kinds of stuff done in the labs ranged from basic research into things like protocols (resulting in RFCs etc) all the way up to commercial applications of technology, and, pause – futurology, shudder.
BT labs home page is here: http://www.labs.bt.com, I’m sure their PR people would be happy to help if you were interested in job titles and stuff there.
Ren www.renreynolds.com terranova.blogs.com
---- Original message ----
Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 14:30:03 +0930 From: ET <et@tarik.com.au> Subject: [Air-l] researchers ??? To: air-l@aoir.org
hi all,
just a question for the groups members - hopefully some may
wish to reply.
The "modern" internet has now been going for about 10 years. As a result we have many new professions... we have web designers, programmers and a host of specialist
IT positions.
Does anyone in here work full time in a position that is
called
"Internet Researcher" or that one could take to be, from the
job
responsibilities, to be a full time internet researcher? Does anyone know of another person who has the above role? I am particularly interested to know if anyone works for a
company in
such a role.
thanks in advance for your time,
regards
Eero Tarik Adelaide
_______________________________________________ Air-l mailing list Air-l@aoir.org http://www.aoir.org/mailman/listinfo/air-l
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-- Hamish [I get too much email, and I use junk filters. If I don't reply, please resend, or phone!] --__--__-- Message: 7 Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 07:43:26 -0500 Subject: Re: [Air-l] ethnography and ethics From: Charles Ess <cmess@drury.edu> To: <air-l@aoir.org> Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org Dear Eero Tarik: Yours are most important questions - they deserve extensive and careful response. 1. The primary reason for worrying about ethics in research (and anywhere else) is to avoid harming people and violating their rights - including rights to privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, and informed consent (insofar as one follows medical and social science models: humanities disciplines have different approaches - but the basic framework of attending to persons' rights and avoiding harm still applies). 2. The danger with "obsession with results" is that it runs the risk of turning the human beings one is studying into means to one's own ends - i.e., for the sake of results, researchers may be tempted to ignore the fact that these are people they are interacting with, and whose rights they risk trampling. Stated still another way, if our only ethical guideline is "the end (results) justifies the means" - we can justify everything from violating basic research ethics (more on this in a bit) to such things as medical experiments that intentionally cause harm to human beings (whether they are the African-American subjects of the Tuskeegee Institute study of the 1940s - or prisoners in Nazi and Japanese concentration camps). This direction of ethical reflection is called consequentialism (because the consequences of our acts are decisive). In its more benign form of utilitarianism (the good of the many outweigh the good of the few) - a researcher might justify using his/her research subjects as means for the sake of research results that promise to benefit the larger society. For example (real-life): Canadian and U.S. laws require researchers (and anybody else) to report child abuse when it is discovered - hopefully, in order to protect children from abuse. But a utilitarian might argue that if s/he could carry through a study on present forms of child abuse - i.e., _without_ reporting the abuse but following it through to its sometimes fatal ends - s/he just might discover enough about the mechanisms and circumstances of child abuse to allow us as a society to put an end to it forever. This would undoubtedly be a great good - especially for future potential victims of child abuse. But the knowledge and benefit would be bought at the cost of ignoring the rights (and perhaps the lives) of current victims. Another approach to ethical reflection is called deontology - it emphasizes precisely such ethical basics as rights (as well as intentions, expectations, etc.) as decisive. For a deontologist - such basic rights have a near-absolute value: they must _never_ be violated - because this is to deny the essential humanity of the rights-holder - no matter what benefits might accrue for the larger society. For the deontologically-minded researcher - such a child-abuse study is unacceptable. But even if you're more utilitarian (as - _very_ generally speaking - more people in the Anglo-American world are - in contrast with our more deontologically-minded friends and colleagues in Europe and Scandinavia) - as a researcher you'll want to be careful about lurking and other forms of participant-observation methodology. (Annette Markham, Elizabeth Buchanan, and many others on this list can make this point far more eloquently than I.) There are some famous cases of Internet research where such approaches have badly backfired - e.g., from the male psychologist posing as a disabled woman in the late '80s/early '90s to any number of chatrooms whose participants have reacted strongly and _negatively_ when they've discovered that a researcher has been observing them unawares. The _consequences_ of this are bad for researchers: many chatrooms are basically now posted as "off-limits" to researchers. And in a forthcoming study, the authors show a rather direct proportion between the size of a chatroom and its hospitality (better: lack thereof) to researchers as announced and unannounced. The news here is not good for researchers thinking about lurking in smaller chatrooms, where the behaviors under study might be more interesting than in larger chatrooms: not surprisingly, the smaller the chatroom, the more people (rightly or wrongly) expect privacy and respect for privacy - and the angrier they get when they discover a researcher has been lurking among them. The point is that even for a pure consequentialist, violating basic rights to and expectations of privacy may be profoundly damaging to the possibility of future research. 3. (Next to finally), you ask a famous question:
And, of course, who should judge the ethics of another anyhow? The short answer to this question, of course, is: we are. Like it or not, whether always right or wrong, human communities attempt to establish ethical standards and judge human behaviors by those standards. In particular, my understanding is that in Australia, researchers and researcher projects require approval in some way by the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Australian Research Council [see <http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/issues/researchethics.htm>] - and our Vice-President Matthew Allen can say more about that (smile).
For its part, AoIR has spent some time attempting to establish ethical frameworks for online research that reflect the diverse methodologies and national ethical traditions of its members - if you haven't seen it yet, take a peek at <www.aoir.org/reports/ethics.pdf>. No one is saying these standards and the judgements they support are the final absolute truth. But at least I would say: these are pretty good standards for reference - first of all, because they were developed through a consensus process within the communities and stakeholders affected by them. As such, they are always open to criticism and revision - by the communities and stakeholders affected by them. Further - after its approval by AoIR in November, 2002, this document has found good use among researchers and students around the world, suggesting that it has at least partially succeeded in developing guidelines that are indeed useful and relevant to a range of research methodologies and national ethical traditions. _Not_ that it's perfect or final - au contraire. But it's a good start. The longer answer (aren't you glad you asked?): At least when my students ask "who's to judge?", they mean to say: no one can judge anyone else - there are no universal ethical standards - and so judgments of right and wrong are entirely relative to individuals and cultures. This position is called ethical relativism. There are a few times and places when, in my view, it's perfectly justified to be an ethical relativist. [For social scientists who have teethed on _cultural_ relativism as a methodological guideline - worry not! While they may sound similar, there are important differences between cultural relativism and ethical relativism - see the AoIR ethics document for discussion.] But for the most part, ethical relativism doesn't survive critical scrutiny. A. Taken to its extreme, ethical relativism would prevent us from condemning _any_ behavior - e.g., who's to say that child abuse, terrorist attacks on innocent civilians, rape rooms and genocide are wrong? B. The position is also self-refuting. The nice thing about ethical relativism is that it tries to endorse tolerance - i.e., some of my students want to tell those opposed to homosexuality and same-sex marriages that they cannot condemn these behaviors because "who's to judge" what's right or wrong? But this leads to a contradiction. The relativist wants to say that there are no ethical universals - in order to then argue that we should universally practice tolerance, i.e., to claim that tolerance _is_ (or should be) a universal value. (This contradiction is parallel to the self-refutation of epistemological relativism: "There are no universal truths" - a claim that itself attempts to stand, however, as a universal truth.) (Fortunately, there are lots of ways other than relativism to ethically protect homosexuality and endorse same-sex marriages) In sum: to avoid the flaws and risks of ethical relativism - and to ensure that the communities of researchers and those we want to study are able to determine the ethical guidelines for our work (in contrast, say, with institutional and national authorities who may be woefully clueless about what we're up to) I think it's best for us to respond to the question "who's to judge?" with, _we_ are, rather than dismiss the work of ethics as unnecessary or impossible. 4. Finally:
is wanting to immerse oneself in research as an active participant with the same "no rules" approach as the other participants unethical and is it unacceptable to the broad body of researchers? Am I going to be lonely in my School of Unethical Research - members, 1 :-) No offense intended - but for both strong deontological and consequentialist reasons - I would hope so. Not because I wish you harm - but because I think human beings must be treated with respect, and I don't want to see future research jeopardized by current researchers behaving in ways that would (rightly) lead to anger and outrage.
I hope this helps - Charles Ess Distinguished Research Professor, Interdisciplinary Studies Drury University 900 N. Benton Ave. Voice: 417-873-7230 Springfield, MO 65802 USA FAX: 417-873-7435 Home page: http://www.drury.edu/ess/ess.html Co-chair, CATaC: http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/catac/ Exemplary persons seek harmony, not sameness. -- Analects 13.23
From: ET <et@tarik.com.au> Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 18:53:58 +0930 To: air-l@aoir.org Subject: [Air-l] ethnography and ethics
greetings aoir'ers,
I am trying to get my head around the issue of ethnography and ethics.
As I understand it, a researcher should announce themselves to the group they are researching and set guidelines etc for their involvement in the study group. This is seen as ethical, correct??
But not everyone has the same ethical stance, the same morality, the same values.
I, for example, place far more emphasis on results than process - others place a higher value on process.
As someone obsessed with results, I would prefer to see a person immerse themself in a group unannounced and live and breathe and interact with the study group as one of the participants. To me, if one is studying humanity one should be part of it, exposed to the same experiences, feeling the full swing of their emotions through their research. The obvious criticism of such an approach would be that one is too involved and therefore potentially producing inaccurate research. But is such research any less accurate than the arms length - dont get involved - approach where the participants are wary of the watcher?
Does this desire to be immersed completely, passionately and unannounced make one an unethical researcher? Is such a form of research bad, or is there a normal, healthy school of thought proud to promote itself as the school of unethical research? And, of course, who should judge the ethics of another anyhow?
I suppose what I am trying to ask is, is wanting to immerse oneself in research as an active participant with the same "no rules" approach as the other participants unethical and is it unacceptable to the broad body of researchers?
Am I going to be lonely in my School of Unethical Research - members, 1 :-)
see ya
Eero Tarik Adelaide
_______________________________________________ Air-l mailing list Air-l@aoir.org http://www.aoir.org/mailman/listinfo/air-l
--__--__-- Message: 8 From: <ren@aldermangroup.com> Date: Thu, 6 May 2004 10:37:10 +0100 Subject: Re: [Air-l] researchers ??? To: air-l@aoir.org Reply-To: air-l@aoir.org SGFtaXNoPiBTbyBzYXlpbmcgImludGVybmV0IHJlc2VhcmNoZXIiIGlzIHNvIGJyb2FkIGFz IHRvIGJlIA0KYWxtb3N0IG1lYW5pbmdsZXNzIHdpdGhvdXQgZnVydGhlciBxdWFsaWZpY2F0 aW9uPw0KDQpCdXQgbWF5YmUgdGhhdOKAmXMgdGhlIHBvaW50LiAyMCB5ZWFycyBhZ28g4oCY aW50ZXJuZXQgDQpyZXNlYXJjaGVy4oCZIHdvdWxkIGhhdmUgYmVlbiBtZWFuaW5nbGVzcyBh cyBubyBvbmUgaGFkIGhlYXJkIA0Kb2YgdGhlIGludGVybmV0LCBwb3NzaWJseSAxMCB5ZWFy cyBhZ28gaXQgd291bGQgaGF2ZSBhcHBsaWVkIA0KdG8gcGVvcGxlIHRoYXQgd29yayBzb21l d2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGxvd2VyIGxldmVscyBvZiB0aGUgDQpwcm90b2NvbCBzdGFjayDigJMg dG9kYXkgaXQgbWVhbnMgYW55dGhpbmcgeW91IGxpa2UuIA0KDQpUaG91Z2ggbmV4dCBsb25n IGpvYiB0aXRsZSBJIGhhdmUgSSB0aGluayBJ4oCZbSBnb2luZyB0byBpbnNpc3QgDQppdCBo YXMgdGhlIHBocmFzZSDigJhJbnRlcndlYiB0aGluZ3nigJkgaW4gaXQuDQoNClJlbg0Kd3d3 LnJlbnJleW5vbGRzLmNvbQ0KdGVycmFub3ZhLmJsb2dzLmNvbQ0KDQoNCi0tLS0gT3JpZ2lu YWwgbWVzc2FnZSAtLS0tDQo+RGF0ZTogV2VkLCAwNSBNYXkgMjAwNCAxMToyMTo0OSArMDEw MA0KPkZyb206IEhhbWlzaCBDdW5uaW5naGFtIDxILkN1bm5pbmdoYW1AZGNzLnNoZWYuYWMu 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