Dear all these are the references i got from many of you about the history of computing. Books and Essays: Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1988) "The Social Meaning of the Personal Computer: Or, Why the Personal Computer Revolution was No Revolution". Anthropological Quarterly, Vol 61, pp 39-47 A history of modern computing; Ceruzzi, Paul E. Reckoners : the prehistory of the digital computer, from relays to the stored program concept, 1935-1945 / Paul E. Ceruzzi Peter Salus: A Quarter Century of Unix (1994) Janet Abbate: Inventing the Internet Campbell-Kelly and Aspray: Computer: A History of the Information Machine Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer by Paul Freiberger & Michael Swaine (1984) Paul Edwards: The Closed World Tracy Kidder: The Soul of a New Machine Bardini, Thierry. 1995. The Social Construction of the Personal Computer User. Journal of Communication, Summer. =97=97=97. 2000. Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Edwards, Paul N. 1996. The closed world: computers and the politics of = discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hafner, Katie, and Matthew Lyon. 1998. Where wizards stay up late: the = origins of the Internet. New York: Touchstone. Rheingold, Howard. 2000. Tools for Thought: The History and Future of = Mind-Expanding Technology. 2nd Rev. ed: MIT Press. Smith, Douglas K., and Robert C. Alexander. 1988. Fumbling the Future: = How Xerox invented, then ignored, the first personal computer. New York: = William Morrow and Company, Inc. Waldrop, M. Mitchell. 2001. The Dream Machine. J. C. R. Licklider and = the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Penguin. Winston, Brian. 1998. Media technology & society: a history from the = telegraph to the internet. London: Routledge Online Resources: The Triumph of the Nerds http://www.pbs.org/nerds/ Nerds 2.01 http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/ http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bakardji/COMS380/schedule.html Week 9 http://www.ucalgary.ca/~bakardji/computing/revolution.html http://www.hum.au.dk/ckulturf/pages/publications/nof/tsm/abstract.html http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/ Usenet group alt.folklore.computers A PowerPoint presentation: http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/historyofcomputers_files/v3_document.htm Hope it helps Antonio