24 Apr
2017
24 Apr
'17
6:38 a.m.
Hello David (and everyone), Here are two papers that discuss the idea of filter bubbles/echo-chambers in relation to climate change discussion online: Edwards, A. (2013). "(How) do participants in online dicussion forums create 'echo chambers'?: The Inclusion and Exlusion of Dissenting Voices in an Online Forum About Climate Change." Journal of Argumentation in Context 2(1): 127 –150. Williams, H. T., et al. (2015). "Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change." Global Environmental Change 32: 126-138. Kind regards, Mathew Toll On Mon, Apr 24, 2017 at 3:42 PM, Joly MacFie <joly@punkcast.com> wrote: > Not a paper, but I might contribute Gilad Lotan's presentation at the > 'Content Rules' event > > in Jan. He examines some real cases. > > https://livestream.com/internetsociety/contentrules/videos/147250574 > starts > 8 mins in > > > On Sun, Apr 23, 2017 at 9:52 PM, Jenny Davis <jennifer.davis@anu.edu.au> > wrote: > > > Hi Chris and All, > > > > > > Please excuse the self-promotion, but I've written about different > > mechanisms of curation (i.e., filtering). The article might provide some > > useful language and a framework to think about filter bubbles and related > > issues. > > > > > > Curation: A Theoretical Treatment > > > > http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2016. > > 1203972?journalCode=rics20 > > > > > > Best, > > > > Jenny > > > > > > > > > > Jenny L. Davis > > > > Lecturer, School of Sociology > > > > The Australian National University > > > > Co-Editor: Cyborgology<https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/> < > > https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis> > > > > Twitter: @Jenny_L_Davis<https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis> > > > > ________________________________ > > From: Air-L <air-l-bounces@listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of Chris > Peterson > > <chris@cpeterson.org> > > Sent: Monday, April 24, 2017 7:35:07 AM > > To: DY Wohn > > Cc: AoIR mailing list > > Subject: Re: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble > > > > Going to jump out from lurking this list to say what I’m sure has > occurred > > to others, i.e. that I’d love for a literature review of this question, > not > > only for teaching but also citation purposes. > > > > I’m currently revising an article on a distinct-but-maybe-related > > phenomenon (i.e., that CIPA-compliant Internet filtering in public > > institutions is almost unbelievably inconsistent across institutions > > nominally governed by the same standards), and I’m trying to figure out > how > > to link the possible political consequences of that inconsistency with > the > > kinds of inconsistencies alleged across e.g. social media, but finding it > > nearly impossible to even describe the phenomenon this thread is > > questioning before I can get to the point of questioning it! > > > > I’m working through the papers that y’all have so helpfully shared, but > > I’d love it especially if anyone has seen any good encapsulations of the > > questions/controversies at stake that I can reference to help link these > > concepts, because if I try to do that in this piece I suspect I’m going > to > > run out of word count before I even get to the thing I’m trying to write > > about. > > > > In the meantime, thanks for being always-helpful, AoIR. > > > > — Chris > > > > > On Apr 6, 2017, at 2:57 PM, DY Wohn <yvettewohn@gmail.com> wrote: > > > > > > Also shameless self-plug for short theory paper where we argue that > yes, > > > algorithms play a role but it's wrong to think of social media as a > > uniform > > > entity because it is actually about how you compose your network; thus > > > individuals have some agency in deciding who they will be connected to > in > > > social media: > > > > > > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2014). How social media facilitates > social > > > construction of reality > > > <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2556420.2556509&coll= > > DL&dl=ACM&CFID=471301430&CFTOKEN=24404336> > > > In *Proceedings of companion publication of CSCW 2014, *261-264. New > > York, > > > NY: ACM [pdf > > > <https://arcticpenguin.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/2014- > > cscw_wohnbowe.pdf>] > > > > > > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2016). Micro Agenda Setters: The Effect > of > > > Social Media on Young Adults’ Exposure to and Attitude Toward News > > > <http://sms.sagepub.com/content/2/1/2056305115626750.full>. *Social > > Media > > > and Society, 2(1)* > > > > > > On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 6:22 PM, kiran gvr <gvrkirann@gmail.com> wrote: > > > > > >> Hello David, > > >> > > >> > > >> Already some great suggestions. Below is a broad list of papers that > > >> discuss both sides of the broad topic of filter bubbles and > > polarization. I > > >> think it is a good addition to the above list by Alex, since these > dont > > >> deal with fake news, necessarily. > > >> > > >> 1. If you are looking for *work specifically that questions the > bubble*, > > >> here are a few (in chronological order). > > >> > > >> ------------------------------------------------------ > > >> > > >> Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political > > >> polarization. American > > >> Sociological Review, 72, 784–811. > > >> > > >> David Weinberger. Echo Chambers = Democracy. In A Fine, M Sifry, A > > Rasiej, > > >> and J Levy, editors, Rebooting America, pages 32–37. Personal > Democracy > > >> Press, New York, 2008. (argues that; 1) the Internet is too young to > > make > > >> conclusions about filter bubbles; 2) the empirical research that > exists > > is > > >> very difficult to interpret; 3) fragmentation occurs in traditional > > media > > >> and in offline world; 4) democracy needs bubbles so that people in > basic > > >> agreement can build relationships and be active in political > movements.) > > >> > > >> Wojcieszak, M. E. and D. C. Mutz (2009). “Online Groups and Political > > >> Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to > Political > > >> Disagreement?” In: Journal of Communication > > >> > > >> > > >> Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ”Difference” in the contemporary > > public > > >> sphere: The > > >> contribution of the internet to the heterogeneity of political > > discussion > > >> networks”. In: > > >> Journal of Communication (internet facilitates communication) > > >> > > >> > > >> Kim, Y. (2011b). “The contribution of social network sites to exposure > > to > > >> political difference: > > >> The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure > > to > > >> cross-cutting perspectives”. In: Computers in Human Behavior > > >> > > >> > > >> IDEOLOGICAL SEGREGATION ONLINE AND OFFLINE, MATTHEW GENTZKOW AND JESSE > > M. > > >> SHAPIRO (2011) (We find no evidence that the Internet is becoming more > > >> segregated over time.) > > >> > > >> > > >> Jacob Weisberg. Bubble Trouble Is Web personalization turning us into > > >> solipsistic twits?, 2011. URL http://goo.gl/ET1pO6 (paper from google > > >> saying web personalization is not responsible for bubbles) > > >> > > >> > > >> Kim, Y., Hsu, S.-H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social > > media > > >> use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The > > >> moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, > 63(3), > > >> 498–516 > > >> > > >> > > >> Michael a. Beam and Gerald M. Kosicki. Personalized News Portals: > > Filtering > > >> Systems and Increased News Exposure. Journalism & Mass Communication > > >> Quarterly, 91(1):59–77, 2014. (investigated the impact of personalized > > news > > >> web portals on political bias and found out the average news viewer > > seems > > >> to favor news that does not have bias towards a particular > perspective.) > > >> > > >> > > >> The digital citizen: in worship of an echo (2014) > > >> https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366752/ > > >> > > >> > > >> Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2014). Selective exposure in the age > of > > >> social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when > > selecting > > >> news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063. > > >> > > >> > > >> Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. > > (2015). > > >> Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more > > than an > > >> echo chamber? Psychological Science, > > >> > > >> Pablo Barbera. How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. > > >> Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. 2014 (found out that social > > >> media users receive information from a set of diverse sources, thanks > to > > >> weak ties) > > >> > > >> > > >> FILTER BUBBLES, ECHO CHAMBERS, AND ONLINE NEWS CONSUMPTION (show that > > >> there’s no preferential media consumption) https://5harad.com/papers/ > > >> bubbles.pdf > > >> > > >> > > >> Bakshy, E., S. Messing, and L. Adamic (2015). “Exposure to > ideologically > > >> diverse news > > >> and opinion on Facebook”. In: Science (argue that facebook facilitates > > >> ideologically diverse exposure) > > >> > > >> Kieron O’Hara and David Stevens (2015). Echo Chambers and Online > > Radicalism > > >> : Assessing the Internet’ s Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy > and > > >> Internet (argue that the evidence for bubbles is not strong enough for > > >> regulation and even if bubbles exist, users can escape them. Since > users > > >> can live in looser and multiple networks (often thanks to social > media), > > >> they have flexibility, choice and exposure to heterogeneous points of > > >> view.) > > >> > > >> Bright, J. (2016). “The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News > > Sharing > > >> Diverge”. In: Journal of Communication (argues something similar to > the > > >> above, that social media facilitates diverse exposure) > > >> > > >> Bode, L. (2016). Who sees what? Individual exposure to political > > >> information via social media. In G. W. Richardson (Ed.), Social media > > and > > >> politics: A new way to participate in the political process. Santa > > Barbara, > > >> CA: Praeger. > > >> > > >> > > >> IS THE INTERNET CAUSING POLITICAL POLARIZATION? EVIDENCE FROM > > DEMOGRAPHICS > > >> (2017) > > >> > > >> http://www.nber.org/papers/w23258.pdf (they show that polarization is > > >> increasing for the older demographic, who generally don’t use the > > internet) > > >> > > >> ------------------------------------------------------ > > >> > > >> *2. Here are a few that support the existence of the bubble:* > > >> > > >> Slater, M. D. (2007). Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of > > media > > >> selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior > > and > > >> social identity. Communication theory, (it is a spiral effect) > > >> > > >> McCarty, N. M., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2008). Polarized > America: > > >> The dance of ideology and unequal riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. > > >> (economic inequality and polarization are linked) > > >> > > >> Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: > > Revisiting > > >> the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366. > > >> > > >> Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of > > >> ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59 > > >> > > >> Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became > Democrats > > and > > >> conservatives became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago > > Press. > > >> > > >> Lawrence, E., Sides, J., & Farrell, H. (2010). Self-segregation or > > >> deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in > > American > > >> politics. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 141–157. (social media > > leading to > > >> polarization) > > >> > > >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2011). The disappearing center: Engaged citizens, > > >> polarization, and American democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University > > Press. > > >> > > >> Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New > York, > > >> NY: Oxford University Press (claim that polarization is due to media > > >> balkanization) > > >> > > >> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online > > and > > >> offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 44, 1–41. (both media > and > > >> personal choice responsible for polarization) > > >> > > >> Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A > > social > > >> identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), > > >> 405–431. > > >> > > >> Murray, C. (2013). Coming apart: The state of white America, > 1960–2010. > > New > > >> York, NY: Crown Forum > > >> > > >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing > > channels? > > >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago > > >> Press. (“Balkanization of media consumption”) > > >> > > >> Levendusky, M. (2013). How partisan media polarize America. Chicago, > IL: > > >> University of Chicago Press. (claim that polarization is due to media > > >> balkanization) > > >> > > >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing > > channels? > > >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago > > Press > > >> (claim that polarization is due to public choice and not media) > > >> > > >> > > >> Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of > > >> Political Science, 16, 101–127. (both media and personal choice > > responsible > > >> for polarization) > > >> > > >> Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather > > tweet > > >> together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine > > >> cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated > > >> Communication, 18(2), (social media leading to polarization) > > >> > > >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2014). Partisan nation: The rise of affective > > >> partisanship in the American electorate. > > >> > > >> From “information” to “knowing”: Exploring the role of social media in > > >> contemporary news consumption (2014) (found out that especially those > > who > > >> have a small network on Facebook are vulnerable to the filter bubble > > effect > > >> (in terms of news consumption).) > > >> > > >> Edgerly, S. (2015). Red media, blue media, and purple media: News > > >> repertoires in the colorful media landscape. Journal of Broadcasting & > > >> Electronic Media, 59, 1–21. (claim that polarization is due to public > > >> choice and not media) > > >> > > >> Nikolov D, Oliveira DFM, Flammini A, Menczer F. (2015) Measuring > online > > >> social bubbles. PeerJ Computer Science (studied 4 years of > communication > > >> data in a university network and found out that social media exposes > the > > >> community to a narrower range of information sources) > > >> > > >> “Media Choice and Moderation: Evidence from Online Tracking Data” > (2016) > > >> (Overall, the findings support a view that if online “echo chambers” > > exist, > > >> they are a reality for only very few people who drive the traffic and > > >> priorities of the most partisan outlets.) > > >> > > >> ------------------------------------------------------ > > >> > > >> Sorry for dumping this unorganized list here. I hope some of it is > still > > >> helpful. We are in the process of preparing a tutorial on this > subject. > > I > > >> can provide you with a much more well formatted list of > > references/summary > > >> in a month or so, if that is still of interest. > > >> > > >> > > >> Regards, > > >> Kiran Garimella, > > >> PhD student > > >> Aalto University > > >> https://users.ics.aalto.fi/kiran/ > > >> > > >> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 11:10 PM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates@umd.edu> > > wrote: > > >> > > >>> Wow. More evidence that AoIR is worth a thousand lit reviews :) > > >>> > > >>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 1:44 PM, Alex Leavitt <alexleavitt@gmail.com> > > >>> wrote: > > >>> > > >>>> First: > > >>>> > > >>>> An overview of the #fakenews conference at Harvard Law earlier this > > >> year: > > >>>> https://news.northeastern.edu/2017/02/the-fake-news- > > >>>> phenomenon-how-it-spreads-and-how-to-fight-it/ > > >>>> > > >>>> Some suggestions: > > >>>> > > >>>> Media Choice and Moderation:Evidence from Online Tracking Data. > Andrew > > >>>> Guess, 2016. https://www.dropbox.com/s/uk005hhio3dysm8/GuessJMP.pdf > ? > > >> dl=0 > > >>>> and coverage by Brendan Nyhan (who also does work in this area): > > >>>> https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/upshot/relatively-few- > > >>>> people-are-partisan-news-consumers-but-theyre-influential.html > > >>>> > > >>>> Yochai Benkler's 2017 research report: > > >>>> http://www.npr.org/2017/03/14/520087884/researchers-examine- > > >>>> breitbart-s-influence-on-misleading-information > > >>>> > > >>>> Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. > > Bakshy, > > >>>> Messing, & Adamic, 2015. Science. > > >>>> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/05/06/ > > >>>> science.aaa1160.full > > >>>> > > >>>> Guess, Andrew M. 2015. Measure for measure: an experimental test of > > >>> online > > >>>> political media exposure. Political Analysis 23(1): 59-75. > > >>>> https://academic.oup.com/pan/article-abstract/23/1/59/ > > >>>> 1448909/Measure-for-Measure-An-Experimental-Test-of-Online > > >>>> > > >>>> People trust news based on who shared it, not on who published it > > >>>> http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/avoiding-articles-from-the- > > >>>> creep-people-trust-news-based-on-who-shared-it-not-on-who- > > >> published-it/ > > >>>> --> (2016: > > >>>> http://www.mediainsight.org/Pages/a-new-understanding- > > >>>> what-makes-people-trust-and-rely-on-news.aspx > > >>>> ) > > >>>> > > >>>> Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump > > >>> partisan > > >>>> source affiliation when selecting news online. Messing & Westwood, > > >> 2014, > > >>>> Communication Research. > > >>>> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Solomon_Messing/ > > >>>> publication/235763723_Selective_Exposure_in_the_Age_ > > >>>> of_Social_Media_Endorsements_Trump_Partisan_Source_ > > >>>> Affiliation_When_Selecting_News_Online/links/ > > >>> 0fcfd5134c3eb42dd5000000.pdf > > >>>> > > >>>> Also related: > > >>>> > > >>>> Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Allcott & Gentzkow, > > >>> 2017. > > >>>> https://web.stanford.edu/~gentzkow/research/fakenews.pdf > > >>>> > > >>>> Kate Starbird, @ University of Washington: > > >>>> https://medium.com/hci-design-at-uw/information-wars-a- > > >>>> window-into-the-alternative-media-ecosystem-a1347f32fd8f > > >>>> > > >>>> > > >>>> --- > > >>>> > > >>>> Alex Leavitt, Ph.D. > > >>>> Quantitative UX Researcher, Facebook Research > > >>>> http://alexleavitt.com > > >>>> Twitter: @alexleavitt <http://twitter.com/alexleavitt> > > >>>> > > >>>> > > >>>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 10:00 AM, Miguel, Cristina < > > >>>> C.Miguel@leedsbeckett.ac.uk> wrote: > > >>>> > > >>>>> Hi David, > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Flaxman et al. have another interesting paper about filter bubbles > in > > >>>>> relation to news consumption: > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo > > >> chambers, > > >>>>> and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(3), > > >> 209-227. > > >>>>> Chicago. > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Also check: > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Bozdag, E. (2013). Bias in algorithmic filtering and > personalization. > > >>>>> Ethics and Information Technology, 15(3), 209-227. > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> My 2 cents! > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Best wishes, > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Dr. Cristina Miguel > > >>>>> Senior Lecturer > > >>>>> Business School > > >>>>> Leeds Beckett University > > >>>>> https://leedsbeckett.academia.edu/CristinaMiguel > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> ________________________________________ > > >>>>> From: Air-L <air-l-bounces@listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of David > > >>> Brake < > > >>>>> davidbrake@gmail.com> > > >>>>> Sent: 02 April 2017 15:35 > > >>>>> To: AoIR mailing list > > >>>>> Subject: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Dear all, > > >>>>> > > >>>>> I’ve asked my students what they’d like to learn about I have not > > >>> already > > >>>>> covered and several of them have been asking about filter bubbles > in > > >>>> social > > >>>>> media and virtual communities. What do people recommend these days > > >> for > > >>> up > > >>>>> to date discussion of filter bubbles? In particular arguments on > > >> *both* > > >>>>> sides. Here are two skeptical pieces I found about the filter > bubble > > >>>> effect > > >>>>> FYI > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2013). Ideological segregation > > >> and > > >>>>> the effects of social media on news consumption. Retrieved from > > >>>>> http://www.justinmrao.com/bubbles.pdf > > >>>>> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological Segregation > Online > > >>> and > > >>>>> Offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799-1839. > > >>> Retrieved > > >>>>> from http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/1799.abstract > > >>>>> > > >>>>> > > >>>>> -- > > >>>>> Dr David Brake, Researcher and Educator http://davidbrake.org/, > > >>> @drbrake > > >>>>> Author of "Sharing Our Lives Online: Risks and Exposure in Social > > >>> Media” > > >>>>> https://www.facebook.com/sharingourlivesonline < > > >>>> https://www.facebook.com/ > > >>>>> sharingourlivesonline> > > >>>>> _______________________________________________ > > >>>>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > >>>>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers > > >> http://aoir.org > > >>>>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: > > >> http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > >>>>> listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > >>>>> http://www.aoir.org/ > > >>>>> To view the terms under which this email is distributed, please go > > >> to:- > > >>>>> http://disclaimer.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/disclaimer/disclaimer.html > > >>>>> _______________________________________________ > > >>>>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > >>>>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers > > >> http://aoir.org > > >>>>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: > > >> http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > >>>>> listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > >>>>> > > >>>>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > >>>>> http://www.aoir.org/ > > >>>>> > > >>>> _______________________________________________ > > >>>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > >>>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers > > http://aoir.org > > >>>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: > > http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > >>>> listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > >>>> > > >>>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > >>>> http://www.aoir.org/ > > >>>> > > >>> > > >>> > > >>> > > >>> -- > > >>> Sarah Oates > > >>> Professor and Senior Scholar > > >>> Philip Merrill College of Journalism > > >>> University of Maryland > > >>> College Park, MD 20457 > > >>> Email: soates@umd.edu > > >>> Phone: 301 405 4510 > > >>> _______________________________________________ > > >>> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers > http://aoir.org > > >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: > http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > >>> listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > >>> > > >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > >>> http://www.aoir.org/ > > >>> > > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> -- > > >> > > >> -- > > >> Kiran > > >> _______________________________________________ > > >> The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > >> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers > http://aoir.org > > >> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: > http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > >> listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > >> > > >> Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > >> http://www.aoir.org/ > > >> > > > > > > > > > > > > -- > > > D. Yvette Wohn, Ph.D. (@arcticpenguin) > > > http://www.yvettewohn.com <http://arcticpenguin.wordpress.com> > > > _______________________________________________ > > > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > > > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > > > > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > > http://www.aoir.org/ > > > > _______________________________________________ > > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > http://www.aoir.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ > > listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > > http://www.aoir.org/ > > > > > > -- > --------------------------------------------------------------- > Joly MacFie 218 565 9365 Skype:punkcast > -------------------------------------------------------------- > - > _______________________________________________ > The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list > is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org > Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/ > listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org > > Join the Association of Internet Researchers: > http://www.aoir.org/ >