I extracted references from the discussion here to share with my unindicted co-conspirators and thought it might be useful to send it back to the source, y'all. Forgive the reference to listserv but lots of folks don't know they (and netnews groups) are still used. On Fake News: the AIR-L listserv (yes there are still listserv discussion groups) has had a running topic on this for a couple of weeks. Here is a list of items mentioned, I added a couple of items to the two-step discussion. Melissa Zimdars in the Washington Post My ‘fake news list’ went viral. But made-up stories are only part of the problem. Click-bait and “truthiness” are just as bad. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/11/18/my-fake-news-lis... Podcast: Many Things Considered--Looking to politics past to make sense of politics present Episode 5: All the News - Fake and Otherwise http://manythingsconsidered.com/podcast/ Jennifer Stromer-Galley Three ways Facebook could reduce fake news without resorting to censorship https://theconversation.com/three-ways-facebook-could-reduce-fake-news-witho... Real or Fake? Kate Adie introduces correspondents stories: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b083l971 "If you asked Google who won the popular vote just after the election, there’s a chance you would have been sent to a conspiracy blog with bogus results. And the site is likely to have looked as legitimate as any other." FACEBOOK AND GOOGLE MAKE LIES AS PRETTY AS TRUTH How AMP and Instant Articles camouflage fake news http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13850230/fake-news-sites-google-search-fac... *How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. *by Paolo Barbera http://pablobarbera.com/static/barbera_polarization_APSA.pdf Kalev Leetaru has a series of articles in Forbes "The concept of "fake news" is very complex, ranging from satirical to misleading to malicious content and, when looking globally, covers not just social media, but SMS and FTF communication. Much like humor, where one person's hilarious joke might be deeply offensive to another, a good portion of "fake news" revolves around how societies and peoples with different backgrounds interpret and construct meaning from a shared set of information." http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/11/30/why-stopping-fake-news-i... http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/10/the-inverted-pyramid-and... http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/11/the-global-perspective-o... http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/11/how-data-and-information... How Social Media Splits the Global Conversation http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/weekend-roundup-147_us_584ad413e4b0e05ad... One of the foundational statements on propaganda. Jacque Ellul's 1973 book *Propaganda: The formation of men's attitudes*. Full Text: https://www.ratical.org/ratville/AoS/Propaganda.pdf Social construction Existentialism Today: Terror Management Theory This is the original introduction for a Letter, tentatively titled, "Can unconscious motivation explain the Climate Crisis." http://cosmism.blogspot.dk/2010/05/existentialism-today-terror-management.ht... Glenn Greenwald A Clinton Fan Manufactured Fake News That MSNBC Personalities Spread to Discredit WikiLeaks Docs https://theintercept.com/2016/12/09/a-clinton-fan-manufactured-fake-news-tha... The threat of post-modern social constructivism was identified long ago in the European J. of Social Psychology. A review of a recent book is more comprehensive: "Postmodernism opens the door to fascism, and is unable to close it again.” http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2004/10/crowder.html Marco Morini wrote about fake news in the 2004 and in the 2008 US elections (Vaccari & Morini, 2014, "The power of smears in two American presidential campaign", Journal of Political Marketing). http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377857.2014.866021 Propaganda Techniques in Institutional Advertising Leonard I. Pearlin and Morris Rosenberg The Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1952), pp. 5-26 Reuters NewsTracer, an algorithm used to verify news on Twitter http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/11/reuters-built-its-own-algorithmic-predictio... J Michael Sproule's work on the American experience with propaganda and misinformation: His Amazon Author Page: https://www.amazon.com/J.-Michael-Sproule/e/B001HCW8YG and Channels of Propaganda (1994 full text) http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED372461.pdf Google, democracy and the truth about internet search Tech-savvy rightwingers have been able to ‘game’ the algorithms of internet giants and create a new reality where Hitler is a good guy, Jews are evil and… Donald Trump becomes president https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-in... Lazarsfeld's two-step communication might argue against the tangible effect of fake news on political behavior https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication and The Martians Are Coming! 'Broadcast Hysteria' Looks At The War Over 'Worlds' http://www.npr.org/2015/05/09/403130170/the-martians-are-coming-broadcast-hy... and Re-examining The Two-Step Flow of information in the age of digital media: The case of the 2012 presidential election in the United States http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4081&context=etd and The Nature voting study, whether messages circulated via social media might be more influential because of social context. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/nature11421.html CIBS--Center for Information and Bubble Studies Post Factual Bubbles and Political Democracy http://bubblestudies.ku.dk/teachingmaterial/politicalbubbles/ Facebook is not about stimulating Democracy http://sciencenordic.com/facebook-not-about-stimulating-democracy?utm_source... Newsletter&utm_campaign=a78a81653e-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3bb7f89ffc-a78a81653e-239953037 Jeanine Finn's annotated bibliography, part of her dissertation on credibility practices in news reporting. Understanding fake news in 2016:Before the truth gets its pants on https://jeaninefinn.me/2016/11/15/understanding-fake-news-in-2016-before-the... Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html The Air-L@listserv.aoir.org mailing list is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.org