January 2021 - Air-L - lists.aoir.org

Two Full-Time Faculty Positions in Digital Media at the University of Houston
by Elizabeth Rodwell 21 Jan '21

21 Jan '21

We’re hiring for two full-time Digital Media faculty positions (one open rank tenure-track, another full-time instructional faculty). Please check them out: https://uhs.taleo.net/careersection/ex2_uhf/jobdetail.ftl?job=FAC001621&tz=… <https://uhs.taleo.net/careersection/ex2_uhf/jobdetail.ftl?job=FAC001621&tz=…> https://uhs.taleo.net/careersection/ex2_uhf/jobdetail.ftl?job=FAC001619&tz=… <https://uhs.taleo.net/careersection/ex2_uhf/jobdetail.ftl?job=FAC001619&tz=…> The University of Houston has actually been a great place to work, even during a pandemic (we had full control over how we teach, for example). And Houston’s not only the 4th largest city in the country, but the most diverse! -- Elizabeth Rodwell, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Information & Logistics Technology Comparative Cultural Studies Affiliate 344 Brazos Hall • Sugar Land, TX 77479 Ph: 713-743-3046 ============================== University of Houston A Carnegie-designated Tier One public research university ==============================

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Privacy online: chilling effects and subjective experiences
by Jill Madeleine Walker Rettberg 21 Jan '21

21 Jan '21

Dear colleagues, I’m a member of the Norwegian Personvernskommisjon, a government-appointed committee writing a report on privacy that will provide politicians and others with an overview, analysis of practices today and policy recommendations. Most of the committee are in law, and I want to bring in other perspectives. I was asked to find research on “the chilling effect” and privacy, and found lots of interesting research, a lot of which is very relevant to AoIR – so I thought this would be a great place to ask for input and ideas. Below you’ll find an algorithmically translated version of my initial lit review (please excuse the slightly weird language as it was originally written in Norwegian – if you read Norwegian, the original is here: http://jilltxt.net/?p=4951) My informal summary is at the start, and you can scroll down for an annotated bibliography of what I have found so far. Now I’ve been asked to find more research on subjective experiences of privacy/lack of privacy online. I’d love suggestions as to what I should be looking at here, as well as any suggestions for other angles to consider. Jill Summary of research on the chilling effect and privacy Jill Walker Rettberg, 15.01.2021 The chilling effect occurs "in situations where the exercise of legitimate actions is curtailed or counteracted by the threat of possible sanctions"(NOU2016:19: Security Interaction).<https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2016-19/id2515424/?ch=3> It is very difficult to obtain secure knowledge or quantify the relationships between monitoring, profiling and any chilling effect. As the Norwegian Data Protection Authority writes in the chapter on the chilling effect of the Data Protection Survey 2019/2020: "It is generally easier to measure active actions than the absence of actions." Surveys don't always provide information about what people actually do, and it's hard to research empirically on this. A key finding in several studies is that our awareness of state and commercial monitoring of the web not only leads to a chilling effect on our utterances but also that we limit our behavior (Büchi et.al. 2020 and a number of others). Law professor Paul Bernal argues that data collection and surveillance on the internet threatens not only an individual right to privacy but also a collective need for security that includes human rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of association and anti-discrimination prohibition (Bernal 2016). (Bernal's new book What Do We Know And What Should We Do About Internet Privacy (Sage, 2020) seems very relevant). Our behavior is probably affected even if we understand how profiles are used (Büchi et.al 2020, p 7). Automated manipulation of individuals' behavior harms the individual's autonomy (Büchi 2020 p. 7, and Büchi et al quotes two others). There are relatively few empirical studies of the chilling effect in digital media, but there are two that are often cited. Penney (2017) found that visitor numbers of Wikipedia articles on terrorism declined markedly after Snowdon's disclosures in 2013,arguing that this shows a clear chilling effect: people avoid seeking out information because they know they are being monitored (see figure from Penney 2017, p. 158). Another survey (Marthews & Tucker 2017) started by showing informants a list of keywords that contained words on the Dept of Homeland Security's alert list ("Anthrax," "agriculture," "attack"), words that were embarrassing in different ways ("erectile dysfunction" and "My Little Pony") and some very common words. Then they asked the informants which of these keywords they would be embarrassed that friends and family saw, what words they thought might get them in trouble with the authorities etc. The researchers then used Google Trends to see whether the search terms the informants found were "sensitive" had been less searched after the Snowdon revelations. It turned out that across 41 countries during this period there was a 4% decrease in searches in terms that the informants had said could cause them problems with the authorities. It surprised the researchers that they found a connection, but they found no other causal explanations other than that there was a chilling effect as a consequence of Snowdon's disclosures about government surveillance. Another study finds that informants who have been exposed to surveillance information say they are less likely to engage in online political activities (Stoycheff et.al 2019). Büchi et.al. 2020 has several examples. It is even more difficult to detect or debunk a chilling effect of algorithmic profiling because it is so diffuse. Algorithmic profiling circumvents privacy regulations by using statistical inferens rather than tangible personal data. This means that the GDPR can be completely circumvented because identification of the individual is no longer required for profiling (Büchi et.al. 2020 p.m. 8). Stoilova et. al. (2019) finds in a review of research into children's privacy practices that the research mostly looks at data that is shared deliberately, and not on metadata and other data traces, which is what is used foralgorithmic profiling. This is a new development we at the Privacy Commission should think something about! Is it a privacy violation that Google has paid MasterCard millions of dollars to see if online advertising on Google leads to purchases in physical stores? This happens according to them without using personally identifiable information (Büchi et.al. 2020, p. 5; media case from Bloomberg 2018<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-30/google-and-mastercard-cu…>). Our "digital footprint" can be a source of increased discrimination and "digital inequality"(Micheli et.al. 2018). Custom advertising can be discriminatory - The United States accused Facebook in 2019 of violating the U.S. Fair Housing Act by selling custom advertising that differed on the basis of race. According to Jon Wessel-Aas,source protection is"far illusory"when communication takes place electronically (2014, p 57), both due to Norwegian regulation and even more when communicating across borders. Here, Anders Brenna's book Digital Source Protection (2012) may be relevant, butI haven't read it, and it's been a while since 2012. Search for "reporter's privilege"|" source protection" + "chilling effect" + "privacy" on Google Scholar provides the most legal articles that do not seem to be particularly relevant to privacy,with the exception of Bradshaw 2017 which found that British journalists did not have good information security for digital source protection, despite a lot of information about surveillance. A related topic is the privacy paradox: why do we voluntarily give personal data to apps when we say we dislike it so strongly? New research largely rejects that there is some paradox - there are several logical explanations (Kokolakis 2017). The term "privacy paradox" was first used in 2001, in a study in which consumers who shopped online expressed concern about privacy but were still willing to give up personal data to online stores if they received anything in return (Brown 2001). In 2004, Acquisti suggests, from a behavioral economic perspective, that "[p]eople may not be able to act as economically rational agents when it comes to personal privacy." The privacy paradox is challenged by research into the chilling effect: Penney (2017) arguesthat we limit our behavior because we know that certain actions will create personal data about us collected by state or commercial actors. So when we agree to give up personal data to apps, etc. we also change behavior so that the data we give away becomes less inflamed. So there's no paradox. (Penney 2017; Büchi et.al. Penney 2017 is an in-depth research overview of the privacy paradox. Another research study (Baruh et.al 2017) looked at 166 research studies from 34 countries and found that privacy concerns do not predict the use of social media, but that those who are more concerned about privacy use e-commerce and digital public services less than those who are not concerned about privacy, and that they share less information and are more likely to use "protective privacy measures." Another response to the experience of having to give up personal data against their will is privacy lies,which Sannon et.al. (2018) defines as "the deliberate provision of false personal information to protect ase facet of an individual's privacy". Half of American teens have provided false information on social media profiles- and40% of internet users report lying to commercial websites. I also investigated a little around doxing and this that ordinary people can get personal information about themselves spread as an act of revenge after they have spoken out publicly or on social media. It's a slightly different matter, but my gut says they're connected. In particular, female journalists and women who have spoken out have received threats online, and doxing, i.e. that personal information about address and family etc is made public, is a well-known strategy that, together with "regular" netizens, definitely has a chilling effect on the utterances of women and minorities. For other uses, see Wikipedia (disambitation)<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxing#Hit_lists_of_abortion_providers> This also happens to well-meaning (?) activists who try to "help" police identify protesters from photos and videos (e.g. here from the storming of Captiol 06.02.2021<https://mobile.twitter.com/jsrailton/status/1348453055663116290>) or as shown in artist Joana Moll's project The Virtual Watchers<http://www.virtualwatchers.de> (2016) which is based on an actual Facebook group where people "help" immigration police in the United States identify illegal immigrants from surveillance cameras. I didn't find research that looked at doxing or that amateurs are looking for personal information about others from a privacy perspective. Doxing is seen as part of online privacy and to a lesser extent discussed in relation to privacy. Netthets, on the other hand, is associated with the chilling effect and freedom of expression in that it is often alleged that laws against cyberharassment will have a "chilling effect" on freedom of speech, but Penney (2020) argues that such laws will allow minorities and especially women to be able to speak freer. Another adjoining field is digital sexual offenses (revenge porn), i.e. the proliferation of private nude photos without consent. Patella-Rey (2018) argues that the proliferation of nude photos without consent is not about privacy ,but about the protection of the body itself, i.e. that it is perceived as a violation of bodily integrity, and much worse than just the dissemination of information about thebody/person. It is interesting to think about where the boundary between body and data goes - what is personal data and what is simply person? Among homosexuals, participation on dating apps like Grindr increases the risk of spreading nude photos without consent - such dating apps have "powerful norms of disclosure that make sharing personal information all but required" (Waldman 2019). Research overviews and meta-analyses The following articles provide systematic summaries of research on specific topics: Büchi, Moritz, Eduard Fosch-Villaronga, Christoph Lutz, Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux, Shruthi Velidi, and Salome Viljoen. "The Chilling Effects of Algorithmic Profiling: Mapping the Issues." Computer Law & Security Review 36 (April 2020): 105367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105367.<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105367> A literature overview of research on profiling and on the chilling effect and how they are connected. States that profiling can lead to people changing behavior - it's not just about freedom of speech, behavior. The chilling effect involves avoiding behavior, which is what this article focuses on. Profiling can also make people add up to specific behaviors (making sure to get 10,000 steps because they know the insurance company or employer is paying attention - this is my example not from the article). Very much interesting in this article, recommended reading. Nb: one of the authors, Christoph Lutz, is Swiss but has been an associate professor at BI in Oslo since 2018. Kokolakis, Spyros. "Privacy Attitudes and Privacy Behaviour: A Review of Current Research on the Privacy Phenomenon Paradox." Computers & Security 64 (January 2017): 122-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2015.07.002.<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2015.07.002> This study is very much cited. It provides an overview of research in Scopus with the keywords "privacy paradox", but not legal and ethical research, as well as relevant articles cited by the first articles. A total of 51 articles. The article has practical overview tables that show research that confirms and denies the privacy paradox. The conclusion is that research on the privacy paradox has very contradictory findings. This is due to 1) Interpretation (is €7 to sell their personal data cheaply or does it show that we actually put a value on them? What does it mean that consumers already know that their personal data is poorly protected?). 2) Context: difference between people's attitude privacy in e-commerce and in educational context, e.g. Dangerous to transfer results from one sphere to another. Different types of personal data also cannot be easily compared. 3) Research methods: A survey survey is, for example, unsuitable for finding out anything about actual behaviour, nor to collect information about trades we undertake relatively rarely (e.g. security settings) because we remember too poorly. Experiments are often in generalisable. Five research fields that contribute to research into the privacy paradox today: 1) privacy calculus theory: we are rational agents who calculate the relationship between the supposed loss of privacy and the benefits we get for it. 2) Social theoretical interpretations: social communities very important for people, social representations (common understandings) of privacy in a digital community are not yet enough developed. 3) Cognitive biases and heuristics: Unlike privacy calculus theory:[some?] behavioral economists believe we are not purely rational agents, but have a cognitive bias when making decisions [Should be checked with an economist?] The article goes through a number of such biases. 4) Bounded rationality, incomplete information, and information asymmetries We do not have an overview of all the consequences 5) Quantum theoretical homomorphism (!) One study sees human decision-making as analogous to the principle of uncertainty in quantum mechanics, i.e. the decision is uncertain until it is taken. This latest is based on a single study so not exactly common. Lemi Baruh, Ekin Secinti, Zeynep Cemalcilar, Online Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management: A Meta-Analytical Review, Journal of Communication,Volume 67, Issue 1, February 2017, Pages 26-53, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12276 Meta-analysis of 166 research studies from 34 countries found that privacy concerns do not predict the use of social media, but that those who are more concerned about privacy use other online services (other than social media) to a lesser extent, share less information and are more likely to use "privacy protective measures." Social media has positive effects on users' social needs and needs to express themselves, which is perhaps why privacy-concerned users are willing to use social media but not online shopping, public services, etc.m. that do not meet social/emotional needs (p. 28) Mariya Stoilova, Rishita Nandagiri & Sonia Livingstone (2019) Children's understanding of personal data and privacy online – a systematic evidence mapping. Information, Communication & Society, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2019.1657164<https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1657164> · There are few studies of younger children and it complicates knowledge-based policy and social development · Most studies focus on interpersonal privacy, i.e. sharing information between individuals, and not on the commercial or institutional collection of children's personal data. · Most studies focus on personal data that is shared deliberately, and not on metadata and data traces, which are also important for children's privacy. · Most empirical studies look at children's behavior and practices, and not on their media expertise, specifically their expertise to consent to privacy practices. · --> We need better research on children's privacy, especially in these fields. Annotated bibliography - other relevant research articles Acquisti, Alessandro. "Privacy in Electronic Commerce and the Economics of Immediate Gratification." In Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce - EC '04, 21. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1145/988772.988777.<https://doi.org/10.1145/988772.988777> Behavioral economist who argued that consumers are not able to be rational actors in connection with online privacy: "we show why individuals who may genuinely want to protect their privacy might not do so because of psychological distortions well documented in the behavioral literature; we show that these distortions may affect not only 'naive' individuals but also 'sophisticated' ones; and we prove that this may occur also when individuals perceive the risks from not protecting their privacy as significant." Paul Bradshaw (2017) Chilling Effect, Digital Journalism, 5:3, 334-352, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2016.1251329<https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1251329> Journalists in regional newspapers (in the UK) do not appear to have good information security for source protection, despite constant revelations about electronic surveillance by the state and police. Brown, B. Studying the internet experience. HP Laboratories Technical Report (HPL-2001-49) http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2001/HPL-2001-49.pdf (2001) The first time the term "privacy paradox" was used (otherwise not a very exciting report from Hewlett Packard on how people used the web). "For online shopping we explored its popularity and in particular the concerns of users with regard to privacy and security. This uncovered something of a "privacy paradox" between users complaints regarding privacy and their use of supermarket loyalty cards." Penney, Jonathon W. "Chilling Effects: Online Surveillance and Wikipedia Use." Berkeley Technology Law Journal 31, No. 1 (2016): 117-74 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2769645. Empirical research specifically exploring the chilling effect of government surveillance Penney (2017) is based on Wikipedia's lawsuit against the NSA in 2015 (see their article in NYTimes<https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/opinion/stop-spying-on-wikipedia-users.h…> 10.03.2015, in which Jimmy Wales and Lila Tretikov argue that monitoring online activity leads to a chilling effect that inhibits freedom of expression and free flow of knowledge: "Pervasive surveillance has a chilling effect. It stifles freedom of expression and the free exchange of knowledge that Wikimedia was designed to enable." The lawsuit was dismissed, in part because it is difficult to prove a chilling effect. Summary of this study from Büchi et.al. 2019 page 4 (paragraph 3.2) (this is almost directly translated from Büchi, so nb be careful to properly quote if used) This study of activity on Wikipedia after NSA/PRISM surveillance revelations in June 2013 is the first empirical study of the chilling effect online. Penney distinguishes four types of chilling effects online, with different causal explanations. The chilling is due to either i. statutes or regulations prohibiting certain online activity ii. Government or non-governmental surveillance iii. Vague legislation with threats of consequences for individuals iv. "secondary chilling effects" where people other than the user himself (e.g. the user's friends on social media) bond their behaviour Penney's findings are contrary to research on the"privacy paradox"- meaning that people complain that they have to give up too much personal data but that they still give up their information voluntarily. Penney challenges this theory: yes, we give up personal data to apps, but we also put a leash on our behavior because we know that the apps get access to the data. Bernal, Paul. "Data Gathering, Surveillance and Human Rights: Recasting the Debate." Journal of Cyber Policy 1, No. 2 (July 2, 2016): 243–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2016.1228990.<https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2016.1228990> The collection of personal data threatens not only privacy, but also other human rights, which collectively impair the safety of society, In this article in the Journal of Cyber Policy, British law professor Paul Bernal argues that it is important to see how data collection and surveillance on the internet threatens not only an individual right to privacy but also a collective need for security that includes freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of association and prohibition of discrimination. It is also failed to distinguish commercial and state collection of personal data, the authors argue. He further discusses the question of when surveillance occurs: when data is collected, when data is analyzed algorithmically or when data is viewed or analyzed by humans? The main point is that the idea that privacy and security must be balanced against each other is flawed, because they do not stand in contrast to each other but affect each other greatly. Increased privacy can lead to increased security. Bernal goes through a number of different types of surveillance, and some relevant litigation. He points out that profiling of individuals is deeply problematic, including in relation to men's rights (freedom of thought, conscience and religion). Freedom of speech is also threatened. He mentions a number of cases where the police sought access to confidential communications between journalists and sources. He also cites a PEN report (2013) that shows that many have limited their utterances after the Snowden case. This quote from the conclusion sums up the points in the article good: Statements such as Theresa May's that 'the UK does not engage in mass surveillance' though semantically arguable, are in effect deeply unhelpful. A more accurate statement would be that the UK engages in bulk data gathering that interferes not only with privacy but with freedom of expression, association and assembly, the right to a free trial and the prohibition of discrimination, and which puts people at a wide variety of un and unquantified risks. Bernal<https://people.uea.ac.uk/paul_bernal/info?type=researchinterests> has also published three books that look relevant: Internet Privacy Rights: Rights to Protect Autonomy (CUP, 2014), The Internet, Warts and All: Free Speech, Privacy and Truth (CUP, 2018) and What Do We Know And What We Should Do About Internet Privacy (Sage, 2020). Ashraf, Cameran. "Artificial Intelligence and the Rights to Assembly and Association." Journal of Cyber Policy 5, No. 2 (May 3, 2020): 163–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1778760.<https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1778760> Similar points to Bernal, but less directly on privacy. While much other research has focused on how AI will affect privacy and freedom of expression, this article focuses on how AI will affect freedom of assembly and freedom of association, both of which are important human rights. This article looks at how AI affects what content we see and what content exists (because something is automatically deleted or moderated away). The article ends with a number of policy recommendations. Dexe, Jacob, and Ulrik Franke. "Nordic Lights? National AI Policies for Doing Well by Doing Good." Journal of Cyber Policy, December 9, 2020, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1856160.<https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1856160> Relevant because it offers a comparison of official strategy documents on artificial intelligence in the Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland) - but privacy is not a main point. The article is based on the "AI4People" taxonomy, which proposes five ethical principles of KI: goodness (beneficience), non-malficience, autonomy, fairness and intelligibility (explicability). The article aims to find out how the national strategies deal with ethics: how can we ensure that AI is used for good, and not evil? Nordic and European countries see ethical AI not only as a moral imperative but also as a competitive advantage - see quotes from relevant strategies in the article. Privacy comes into this in principle that AI should not lead to abuse (it should be non-maleficient). All countries except Denmark explicitly mention privacy in their AI strategies. Danish, Finnish and Norwegian strategies also mention the ownership of data (autonomy) as important. Unfortunately, the article concludes that it would be nice if it is true that ethical use of AI is a competitive advantage, but the Nordic strategy documents fail to make strong arguments for this, and are unlikely to convince anyone who is not already convinced of this. He, Catherine, Irwin Reyes, Álvaro Feal, Joel Reardon, Primal Wijesekera, Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Amit Elazari, Kenneth A. Bamberger, and Serge Egelman. "The Price Is (Not) Right: Comparing Privacy in Free and Paid Apps." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2020, No. 3 (July 1, 2020): 222-42. https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0050.<https://doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0050> A survey shows that consumers expect better privacy in apps they buy than in free apps, but an analysis of 5,877 pairs of free apps with their paid premium versions showed that in very many cases it's not true. Micheli, M., Lutz, C., & Büchi, M. (2018). Digital footprints: An emerging dimension of digital inequality. Journal of Information, Communication & Ethics in Society, 16(3), 242-251. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pva.uib.no/10.1108/JICES-02-2018-0014 Our digital tracks create a new arena for discrimination and digital inequality. Patella-Rey, Pj. "Beyond Privacy: Bodily Integrity as an Alternative Framework for Understanding Non-Consensual Pornography." Information, Communication & Society 21, No. 5 (May 4, 2018): 786–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428653.<https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428653> Revenge is not just about privacy, it is perceived as a violation of bodily integrity, and is therefore perceived as extremely infringing. Penney, Jonathon, Online Abuse, Chilling Effects, and Human Rights (June 5, 2020). in Dubois, E. and Martin-Bariteau, F. (eds.), Citizenship in a Connected Canada: A Research and Policy Agenda, Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press, 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3620520 It is often claimed that laws against cyberharassment will have a "chilling effect" on free speech, but Penney argues that such laws will allow minorities and especially women to speak freer. Online harassment, bullying, hate, "doxxing," and revenge porn all have a silencing effect on victims (Franks, 2018, p. 307; Citron, 2014, pp. 196-197). Such abuse has a "totalizing and devastating impact" upon victims (Citron, 2014, p. 29). In fact, silencing victims is often the primary motivation for such abuse (Citron, 2014, p. 196). Moreover, these chilling effects have a disproportionate impact on the speech and engagement of certain people, such as minority populations, already marginalized due to systematic and overt barriers (Franks, 2018, p. 307). Qin, Bei, David Strömberg, and Yanhui Wu. 2017. "Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda." Journal of Economic Perspectives,31 (1): 117-40.DOI: 10.1257/jep.31.1.117 An analysis of 13.2 billion records on Sina Weibo from the period 2009-2013 showed that there were MANY sensitive records, e.g. about protests and accusations of corruption - and records could be used to predict protests/corruption scandals before they actually occurred. In other words, social media monitoring will be useful for a state. In other words, it is probably not in the interest of an authoritarian state to censor social media. The researchers had assumed that there would be little sensitive material, because it is well documented that Chinese internet users have been penalized after posting about protests m.m. (see page 123). However, in this dataset they found NO chilling effect, i.e. there was nothing to suggest that users who posted such records were idenfied and punished - they could see that users continued to post even after publishing sensitive records. Shruti Sannon, Natalya N. Bazarova, and Dan Cosley. Privacy Lies: Understanding How, When, and Why People Lie to Protect Their Privacy in Multiple Online Contexts. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 52, 1-13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173626 A response to the experience of having to give up personal data against their will is privacy lies,as Sannon et.al. (2018) defines as "the deliberate provision of false personal information to protect as facet of an individual's privacy". Half of American teens have provided false information on social media profiles, and 40% of internet users report lying to commercial websites. Speicher, Till, Muhammad Ali, Giridhari Venkatadri, Filipe Ribeiro, George Arvanitakis, et al.. Potential at Discrimination in Online Targeted Advertising. FAT 2018 - Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Feb 2018, New-York, United States. pp.1-15. ?<https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01955343>hal-01955343<https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01955343>?<https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01955343> A quantitative analysis of how Facebook allows advertising buyers to discriminate indirectly by race by choosing other characteristics. Stoycheff, Elizabeth, G. Scott Burgess, and Maria Clara Martucci. "Online Censorship and Digital Surveillance: The Relationship between Suppression Technologies and Democratization across Countries." Information, Communication & Society 23, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 474–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1518472.<https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1518472> Quantitative examination of the relationship between state surveillance of the internet, censorship of the internet and democracy, in 63 countries. Findings: Censorship takes place in both democratic and non-democratic countries, but more surveillance is closely linked to less democracy. Protests also take place in countries with a high degree of surveillance, but in these countries the net is less likely to be used to facilitate it. In other words, surveillance harms democracy more than censorship. The article includes a number of examples of suppression of citizens' free speech/action through surveillance (in the sub-chapter Implications). Stoycheff, Elizabeth. 2016. "Under Surveillance: Examining Facebook's Spiral of Silence Effects in the Wake of NSA Internet Monitoring." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 93 (2): 296–311. Stoycheff, Elizabeth, Juan Liu, Kai Xu, and Kunto Wibowo. "Privacy and the Panopticon: Online Mass Surveillance's Deterrence and Chilling Effects." New Media & Society 21, No. 3 (March 2019): 602-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818801317.<https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818801317> Two studies: 1) They showed half of the informants a news article about privacy violations and surveillance, and then asked lots of questions to distract them from realizing what the researchers were really interested, and then asked about planned online activity. There were significantly FEWER people who would participate in online political activities over the next week in the group that had seen the news story about government surveillance. 2) With a selection of American Muslims asking a series of questions, half showed a "terms of service" explanation that the state could monitor their answers, and asked more questions - there was a clear effect that people were more "cautious." Similar effect in the group of Muslims and the other group, where no one said they were Muslims. Quote: Panoptic-like surveillance has been widely criticized for violating citizens' universal rights to privacy (e.g. Bernal, 2016<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>; Brown, 2015<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>, and posing deleterious consequences for US democracy by deterring, or chilling, online information seeking (Penney, 2016<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>, 2017<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>)disclosures (Dinev et al., 2008), political<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>discussions (Stoycheff, 2016), tolerance<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>(Stoycheff et al., 2017), and may even pose<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>ramifications for offline behavior (Marder et al., 2016<https://journals-sagepub-com.pva.uib.no/doi/full/10.1177/1461444818801317>). Waldman, A. (2019). Law, Privacy, and Online Dating: "Revenge Porn" in Gay Online Communities. Law & Social Inquiry, 44(4), 987-1018. doi:10.1017/lsi.2018.29 Users of the dating app Grindr are at far higher risk of their nude photos being shared without consent. Dating apps for gays require a high degree of sharing of personal information. Wessel-Aas, Jon. "The 2014 Law of Press Freedom: One Step Forward - And Two Back?" Status of Freedom of Expression in Norway - Fritt Ord Foundation's Monitor Project. Free Speech, 2014. http://ytringsfrihet.no/publikasjon/rapport-pressefrihetens-kar-i-2014-ett-…. It can be "safely stated that the development towards increased opportunities for state control and monitoring of the general population's confidential communication has been dramatic. (..) This obviously challenges the general freedom of communication, through the potentially chilling effect this may have on the willingness to use general communication channels for confidential communication. For what kind of behavior is it really that can give the authorities reason to investigate if you are preparing to develop a resolution that you are not even conscious yet? (s 56) Source protection: As these conditions are regulated in Norway – and internationally – today, real source protection, when communication takes place electronically, is far from illusory. Reports PEN America. 2013. Chilling Effects: NSA Surveillance Drives U.S. Writers to Self-Censor. New York: PEN American Center. Interesting cases featured in the media Caplan, Robyn. "Pornhub Is Just the Latest Example of the Move Toward a Verified Internet." Slate, December 18, 2020. https://slate.com/technology/2020/12/pornhub-verified-users-twitter.html.<https://slate.com/technology/2020/12/pornhub-verified-users-twitter.html> Morrison, Sara, and Rebecca Heilweil. "How Teachers Are Sacrificing Student Privacy to Stop Cheating," December 18, 2020 https://www.vox.com/recode/22175021/school-cheating-student-privacy-remote-….

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IEEE CyberScience 2021 | Hybrid Conference | Last Call for Papers
by HANAN HINDY 21 Jan '21

21 Jan '21

*** Apologies for cross postings *** *** LAST CALL FOR PAPERS *** Dear All, We would like to remind you that the IEEE CyberScience 2021 deadline for papers is the 26th of January 2021. Joint and Co-located Conferences: - International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA 2021), Theme: CyberSA for Trustworthy and Transparent AI. - International Conference on Social Media, Wearable and Web Analytics (Social Media 2021), Theme: Exploring the impact social media has in a digital world. - International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security 2021), Theme: Advancing Cyber Security Education in a post-COVID World. - International Conference on Cyber Incident Response, Coordination, Containment & Control (Cyber Incident 2021), Theme: Cyber Resilience as Code. For more details: https://www.c-mric.com/conferences/ Submission instructions: https://c-mric.org/submission-instructions/ Kind Regards, Hanan ---------------------------------- Hanan Hindy CyberScience Co-Chair School of Design and Informatics Abertay University Dundee, Scotland hananhindy.com<http://hananhindy.com/>

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Looking for recent articles and books on streaming audio
by Andrew Herman 21 Jan '21

21 Jan '21

My fellow AOIRistas I am looking to our collective hivemind to bring to light the best theoretical and empirical work on streaming audio over the past few years. I am casting my net widely at this point, so anything about podcasting, internet radio, streaming platforms is of interest to me, so don't hold back. Thanks Andrew

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New Book: Digital Contention in a Divided Society
by Paul J Reilly 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

Dear all, Apologies for cross-posting. My new book *Digital Contention in a Divided Society: Social media, parades and protests in Northern Ireland *has just been published by Manchester University Press. It can be purchased here <https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719087073/>. There will be a book launch hosted by John Coster (Doc Media Centre) on Friday 29 January (1-2pm). Full details on how to register can be found here <https://register.gotowebinar.com/register/2686544924538894350> A description of the book can be found below. Best Wishes Paul Digital Contention in a Divided Society: Social media, parades and protests in Northern Ireland By Paul Reilly How are platforms such as Facebook and Twitter used by citizens to frame contentious parades and protests in 'post-conflict' Northern Ireland? What do these contentious episodes tell us about the potential of information and communication technologies to promote positive intergroup contact in the deeply divided society? These issues are addressed in what is the first in-depth qualitative exploration of how social media were used during the union flag protests (December 2012-March 2013) and the Ardoyne parade disputes (July 2014 and 2015). The book focuses on the extent to which affective publics, mobilised and connected via expressions of solidarity on social media, appear to escalate or de-escalate sectarian tensions caused by these hybrid media events. It also explores whether citizen activity on these online platforms has the potential to contribute to peacebuilding in Northern Ireland. Reviews of *Digital Contention in a Divided Society* 'Much that is written about the politics of Northern Ireland is based on highly selective accounts of the available evidence. Reilly eschews this approach, subjecting the political use of social media to sustained critique in this empirically rich study. In so doing, he makes a very valuable contribution to scholarship.' Phil Ramsey, Lecturer in the School of Communication and Media, Ulster University 'A timely historical account cataloguing a rich collection of the author's empirical research, the book evinces continuity in polarisation among Northern Irish communities online. Showing how the use of social media adds further complexity to community relations, for instance through the pointed concept of 'silly citizenship', Reilly meticulously dispels earlier techno-optimism while further contextualising the algorithmic power of social media.' Dan Mercea, Reader in Media and Communication, City, University of London 'While the darkest days of Northern Ireland's 'troubles' are over, the divisions have left lasting scars and in the twenty-first century the competing interpretations of the conflict and the country's constitutional status remain entrenched. Reilly's work explores the contribution of digital citizenship to peacebuilding within this complex context. The comprehensive and engaging analysis explores how a society beset with deeply held prejudices form online communities, share content and can be misled by misinformation so contributing to a range of wider debates on the role of digital media. As with many studies Reilly identifies positives, such as Citizen Assemblies and accounts that scrutinize decision making, as well as the acts of 'silly citizenship' which satires sectarianism and can exacerbate divide. Reilly's work is an important contribution to our understanding of digital politics, how platforms can be a force for good or ill depending on the motivations and behaviour of users, and how forms of digital citizenship can support or disrupt societal healing processes. Reilly's study is a must read for scholars and students seeking to understand the complex roles which digital technologies play in socio-political life as well as for those seeking to understand the dynamics of present day Northern Ireland and how it might face the challenges of a post-Brexit world.' Darren Lilleker, Professor of Political Communication, Bournemouth University Dr Paul Reilly SFHEA Senior Lecturer in Social Media & Digital Society Deputy Director of Learning and Teaching Information School University of Sheffield 235 Regent Court 211 Portobello Sheffield S1 4DP Tel: +44 (0) 114 222 2647 Email: P.J.Reilly(a)sheffield.ac.uk Twitter: @PaulJReilly <http://www.twitter.com/PaulJReilly> Recent Publications: Reilly, P.J. (2021) *Digital contention in a divided society: social media, parades and protests in Northern Ireland.* <https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719087073/#> Manchester: Manchester University Press. Reilly, P.J. (2020). <http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/162610/>Digital media and disinformation in a deeply divided society: Reflections from ‘post-conflict’ Northern Ireland <http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/162610/>. In E. Kużelewska., G.Terzis., D.Trottier & D. Kloza (Eds.) *Disinformation and Digital Media as a Challenge for Democracy*, European Integration and Democracy Series, Volume 6, (pp. 179-200). Cambridge: Intersentia. Reilly, P.J. (2020). PSNIRA vs. peaceful protesters? YouTube, ‘sousveillance’ and the policing of the union flag protests <https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/10232>, *First Monday* 25(2)- 3 February. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i2.10232

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CFP//CHI2021 Workshop: Artificially Intelligent Technology for/with the Margins: a Multidisciplinary Design Agenda
by Aal, Konstantin 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

*** Apologies for cross-posting*** I think this might be very interesting for many participants on this list. Join us at the CHI 2021 Workshops. My Best, Konstantin ***************** CHI 2021, Mai 8-13 Workshop "Artificially Intelligent Technology for/with the Margins: a Multidisciplinary Design Agenda” ***************** IMPORTANT DATES: Early Submission Deadline: February 21, 2021 (extended) Early Notifications: March 7, 2021 Final Submission Deadline: March 14, 2021 Final Notifications: March 28, 2021 Workshop Date: May 7-8, 2021 (one-day online workshop) CALL FOR PAPERS The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into social, health, and public sectors could bring promising benefits. However, these technologies lead to several challenges, e.g., privacy concerns, unfairness, and the increase of marginalization. Thus, it is essential that more attention is given on how we design such systems for/with marginalized populations. This workshop will provide a forum to exchange experiences on designing technologies for/with marginalized people and AI/ML driven technologies. We will explore potential tools to support designing AI/ML systems with marginalized people, and develop a design agenda. We use a broad definition of marginalized people that may include, but is not limited to, people of/with low socioeconomic status, disabilities and migration histories. We invite researchers, practitioners and community members interested in the aforementioned topic to submit a 2-4 page position paper. Submissions should critically reflect on current projects and/or present challenges and approaches. In particular, we encourage submissions about: * case studies with marginalized people and/or AI/ML, * design methods used with marginalized people that may be transferable to the design of AI/ML technologies, * past experiences illustrating positive or negative outcomes of AI/ML in this context. Early Submission Deadline: February 21, 2021 (extended). Early Notification: March 7, 2021 Final Submission Deadline: March 14, 2021 Final Notification: March 28, 2021 Submissions should be sent to techforthemargins(a)gmail.com<mailto:techforthemargins@gmail.com> Acceptance will be based on quality, relevance, and diversity. At least one author of each accepted position paper must register and attend the workshop and register for at least one day of the conference. The workshop is scheduled to take place on May 7 JST 2200 - May 8 JST 0200 / May 7 EDT 0900-1300 / May 7 CEST 1500-1900, 2021. More details about the workshop and the organizers could be found at https://techforthemargins.wordpress.com<https://techforthemargins.wordpress.com/> Workshop Organizers: Franziska Tachtler, HCI Group, TU Wien Konstantin Aal, Institute for Information Systems and New Media, University of Siegen Tanja Ertl, Information Systems, esp. IT for the Ageing Society, University of Siegen Daniel Diethei, University of Bremen Jasmin Niess, University of Bremen Mohammed Khwaja, Imperial College London Reem Talhouk, Northumbria University Giovanna Nunes Vilaza, Technical University of Denmark Shaimaa Lazem, SRTA-City, Egypt Aneesha Singh, UCL Interaction Centre Marguerite Barry, University College Dublin Volker Wulf, Institute for Information Systems and New Media, University of Siegen Geraldine Fitzpatrick, HCI Group, TU Wien -- Konstantin Aal Research assistant and PhD student pronouns: he/him/his Information Systems and New Media SFB 1187 "Medien der Kooperation" University of Siegen Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen Raum. US-E-102 Tel. +49 (0)271 / 740 3383 Mob. +49 (0)176 / 30 780 007 http://www.uni-siegen.de/fb5/wirtschaftsinformatik/index.html.en?lang=en

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Why Twitter Was Right to Ban Trump, Even Though that Violates the Spirit of the First Amendment
by Paul Levinson 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

just published: https://theconversation.com/im-a-first-amendment-scholar-and-i-think-big-te… -PL *Welcome Up: Songs of Space and Time * - digital <https://open.spotify.com/album/4S1oaV75qF6tRFfdDwDczE>, CD <http://paullev.com/product/welcome-up-songs-of-space-and-time-cd/>, vinyl <https://lightintheattic.net/releases/6371-welcome-up-songs-of-space-and-time> "Eight slices of interstellar delight" -- Jon Pruett, *Ugly Things Magazine*, September 2020 <https://www.reverbnation.com/page_object/join_mailing_list/artist_86705>

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protecting the researchers?
by Charles M. Ess 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

Dear AoIRists, as many of you know, one of the central additions to the AoIR Internet Research Ethics 3.0 was a focus on protecting the researchers, as catalyzed by phenomena such as #Gamergate as well as increasing research on violent extremists, etc. Thanks to the help of several colleagues - Leonie Tanczer, Lindsay Blackwell, Katherine Lo, Alice Marwick, and Fiona Martin, among others - we were able to gather some helpful resources in the document as well as offer Keith Douglas' very helpful list of suggestions and discussion on "Operational Security: Central Considerations" (7.1, pp. 78ff.) So far as I can gather, threats to researcher safety have only abounded since; at the same time, I've been asked to offer a small workshop (remotely) on Researcher Safety at Umeå University in February: so ... 1) are there any additional resources people would recommend, especially to early career stage researchers, useful / helpful / inspiring in helping take whatever steps we can to protect ourselves? 2) are there additional examples that might be useful to refer to as highlighting / foregrounding the possible risks and / or ways to counter them? Will happily and gratefully acknowledge any help and suggestions you may offer - and will try to collect and summarize them for the list. Many thanks in advance, - charles -- Professor Emeritus University of Oslo <http://www.hf.uio.no/imk/english/people/aca/charlees/index.html> Secretary, IFIP Working Group 9.8, Gender, Diversity, and ICT <http://ifiptc9.org/9-8/> Fellow, Siebold-Collegiums Institute for Advanced Studies, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany 3rd edition of Digital Media Ethics now out: <http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509533428>

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CfP: Online Deliberation in Conflictual Times
by Esteve Del Valle, M. 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

Hello everyone, Together with Dr. Rosa Borge I’m organizing the Panel Online Deliberation in Conflictual Times <https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/SectionDetails/1148> (ECPR 2021, section 'Political Networks') which might be of your interest: “To understand the implications of changes in communications for democracy, online communications should be assessed as discursive actions that hint towards the potential existence of a public sphere. This is especially relevant during the current epidemiological crisis which effects on the deliberative aspects of online political communications remain to be understood. Indeed, this crisis provides a unique opportunity to investigate whether and how an exogenous shock can affect discursive practices in online political networks. We invite contributions examining the deliberative aspects of communications taking place in online political networks during the Covid-19 crisis, especially those studying highly divisive political issues. Furthermore, we look for submissions methodologically innovative and for new measurement proposals that can expand our knowledge on online political deliberation” Please consider sending an abstract (300 words) to r.borge(a)uoc.edu or m.esteve.del.valle(a)rug.nl by February 3rd. All the best, Marc -- Marc Esteve Del Valle, PhD Assistant Professor, Center for Media and Journalism Studies University of Groningen (The Netherlands) Associate Editor, *Political Research Exchange* (PRX) Webpage: marcestevedelvalle.com Social Media: Twitter <https://twitter.com/netmev?lang=en>| ResearchGate <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marc_Esteve_Del_Valle>| LinkedIn <https://nl.linkedin.com/in/marc-esteve-del-valle-3b488095> | SlideShare <https://www.slideshare.net/marcesteveidelvalle> Recent Publications: Mapping the Dutch energy transition hyperlink network <https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/18/7629> (2020: 1-24, Sustainability) Online deliberation and the public sphere: Developing a coding manual to assess deliberation in Twitter political networks <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2020.1794408> (2020: 1-20, Javnost-The Public) Platform pop: Disentangling Spotify's role in the music industry <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1761859>.(2020: 1-19, Information, Communication & Society). Learning in the wild: Understanding networked ties in Reddit <https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36911-8_4>.(2020: 51-68, Springer)

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Vacancy: Postdoctoral researcher at Oxford
by Nicole Stremlau 20 Jan '21

20 Jan '21

Call for applications Postdoctoral researcher vacancy Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Oxford We are looking for a postdoctoral researcher to join us at the Programme in Comparative Media Law at Policy at the University of Oxford's Centre for Socio-Legal Studies. The researcher will contribute to the European Research Council- funded project, ConflictNet, and specifically to a research stream that examines how social media and new technologies are changing everyday politics in areas where the state has limited reach in Africa. This project is led by Nicole Stremlau. This is an exciting opportunity to join an international team working closely with universities in Africa. The position involves field research (dependent on the evolving situation with COVID19); collaborating with research assistants; developing research frameworks; overseeing and contributing to data collection; analysis and writing up of research findings. The successful applicant will hold, or be close to completion of, a PhD/DPhil in the social sciences including African studies, law, anthropology, politics; have research experience, preferably in Eastern Africa; publications in the field of African studies, internet/media studies, justice and security, or governance; experience with contributing ideas for new research projects particularly related to governance, law, and new technologies in Africa. We are willing to consider applicants for 1 full-time (100% FTE) post or 2 part-time (around 50% FTE) posts. Please make it clear in your application letter which you would prefer. The post is fixed term until 31 July 2023. The postholder will be based in the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Manor Road Building, Manor Road, Oxford, OX1 3UQ Further information is available here: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/conflictnet-postdoctoral-researcher-govern… For any questions, please contact Nicole Stremlau at nicole.stremlau(a)csls.ox.ac.uk<mailto:nicole.stremlau@csls.ox.ac.uk> Applications for this vacancy are to be made online via www.recruit.ox.ac.uk<http://www.recruit.ox.ac.uk/> and enter vacancy ID: 147985. The closing date for applications is midday on Wednesday 27 January 2021. Interviews will be held week commencing 8 February 2021. -- Nicole Stremlau Head, Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy (PCMLP) Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Oxford Research Professor in the Humanities, University of Johannesburg http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/nicole-stremlau

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